Use And History Of Song Backmasking Music Essay

Use And narration Of Song Backmasking Music EssayEach one of us has his/her favorite rime, different bands, and different genres. And upon listening to music, it gives us inspiration, relaxes our minds and permit us release our emotions and tensions. But would you believe that in some music we hear and e very(prenominal) song that we sing, there lies a hidden message that lies inwardly its lyrics and sound. And the process of disc everywhereing those things is called Backward Masking or usually referred as Backmasking. It is done by playing a song reversely or reading the lyrics backward.A. History of BackmaskingSong Backmasking began in 1966 when the band, Beatles example it in recording their phonograph album, Revolver (Sullivan, 1987). Album tracks like Tomorrow Never Knows, Im precisely Sleeping and Rain were the songs that have used techniques of musique concrte in recording (Mugan, 2006). Musique Concrte is an avant-garde form of electronic music which involves editing t ogether fragments of natural and industrial sounds and the concurrent spread of the use of tape recorders in recording studios(White, 2007). After the Beatles used backmasking, artists in time withal used it for enhancing the both analog and digital recording of their tracks, by producing comedic and sarcastic effect. Some artists used backmasking to censor some words and phrases for clean release of sounds (Sullivan 1987).II. Uses of BackmaskingA. Satanic BackmaskingSatanic Backmasking involved classic rock songs, but composers of these songs denied any liveliness to promote diabolism. Some bands use Satanic imagery just for commercial use, one of these is the trash metallic element band, Slayer. The band used it in their 1985 album stone pit Awaits (UGO Networks, 2009), in that album a deep backmasked voice chants repeatedly Join us. But the bands vocalist, Tom Araya said that they used it just for solely for effect (Hellqvist, 1998). withal the band, Cradle of Filth used Sa tanic Imagery, and released a song entitled Dinner at Deviants Palace, that song consists weird sounds and reverse reading of the Lords Prayer (Corbin).B. imperceptible MessagesFundamentalist Christian groups said that Satan use music to influence people with the use of Subliminal Messages. Subliminal messages backmasked into rock music influence its listeners to ordinate crime (Pastor Gary Greenwald). In 1982, Minister Jacob Aranza wrote a book entitled Backward Masking Unmasked, in that book, it explains how backmasking is used to open the subconscious mind mind and introduce its listeners to Satanism and drugs (Holden, 1983). The subconscious mind is being successfully affected by the repetition of beat and lyrics being affected through a subliminal message (Mills, 1981).B1. act of Subliminal MessagesBecause of these subliminal messages, crimes had been committed. Serial killer Richard Ramirez, said that AC/DC music and he specified that the song Night Prowler on track to He ll provoked him to commit murder (Watkins). David John Oates, a reverse speech advocate said that the song lane to Hell contains backmasked message Im the law, my urinate is Lucifer and she belongs in hell (Von Ulrich, 1997). Angus Young of AC/DC stated that You didnt use up to play (the album) backwards, because we never hid (the messages). Wed call an album Highway to Hell , there it was right in front of them (Young and Young, 2004). In 1990, two men in Nevada committed suicide because of the songs of a British heavy metal band, Judas Priest. The lawsuit of their family stated that the 1978 album Stained Class contained a hidden messages , including a forward subliminal message Do it in the song go against By You, Better Than Me. The judge dismissed the case due lack of sufficient evidence of Judas Priest placement of subliminal message on the album (Vokey). The members of the Judas Priest stated that if they insert subliminal messages in their song, all of their fans have di ed and instead of doing that, they would prefer to insert a subliminal command Buy much of our records (Van Taylor).C. Backmasking used for critical and too explicit messageanother(prenominal) use of song backmasking is for critical or too explicit messages in a soundtrack. cad Zappa is one example of artists who used backmasking to avoid critical or too explicit message. He used it in his song Hot Poop from his album, Were Only in It for the Money released in 1968. The side A of the album contains a backmasked message Better look around before you say you dont care/ close up your f.king mouth bout the length of my hair/ How would you survive / If you were alive / Shitty little person? . The verse originally came from the song Mother People, and was illegalize by Verve Records, so Zappa edited it, he reversed it, and insert in his album as Hot Poop (Pacholski).D. Backmasking used for AestheticsAnother use of backmasking is for aesthetics, which means to enhance the meaning of a track (Blecha). During the subliminal message trial of the band Judas Priest, its lead vocalist, Rod Halford admitted the recording of words In the dead of the night, love bites backwards in the song Love Bites that came from the album Defenders of Faith that was released in 1984. In an interview, he was asked why he recorded the message, Halford answered that When youre writing songs, youre always looking for new ideas, new sounds (Zwerin, 1999). Related from this technique is to reverse a whole instrumental track. Vocalist of the band Beatles, John Lennon wanted to do it in their song Rain but their producer, George Martin and bandmate, Paul McCartney disagree with him and cut the backward section to 30 seconds (Stevens, 2002).E. Backmasking used for Humorous and Parody messageBackmasking is also used for screen comedic or parodical message backwards in a song. In 1966, the B-side of Napoleon XIV s single Theyre Coming to take me international Ha-Haaa is a reverse version of t he record entitled aaaH-aH, yawA em ekat ot gnimoC eryeht(Anonymous). Pink Floyd puts a backmasked message in the song Empty Spaces from 1979s The Wall, Congratulations. You have just observed the secret message. Please send your answer to Old Pink, care of the Funny Farm, Chalfont/Roger Carolynes on the phone /Okay. This message refers to Syd Barrett, the former lead singer of the band who is idea to have suffered nervous breakdown years earlier (Patterson).F. Backmasking used for CensorshipBackmasking is also used for censorship. It is used to censor words and phrases deemed inappropriate on radiocommunication edits and clean album releases. One example of this is The Fugees clean version of the album The Score it contains various backmasked profanities (Nelson, 1998), when the album is played backwards, the censored words are all the way heard in the backward gibberish (Anonymous, 2006). For example, the word make up, after it was backmasked it would give a sound ish, as a r esult ish became a euphemism for the word shit (Rader, 2002).III. Artists that were accused using BaskmaskingAccording to Blecha, Arar, Poundstone, Deusner, Tetley and Searcey these are the artists who used backmasking Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electric escape Orchestra, Queen, Styx, AC/DC, Judas Priest, The Eagles, The Rolling Stones, Jefferson Starship, Black Oak Arkansas, Rush, Britney Spears and Eminem. Electric Light Orchestra or commonly called as ELO was accused of hiding satanic backmasked message in their album, Elorado that was released in 1974, the song entitled Elorado was said to contain the message He is the nasty one / Christ, you are infernal / It is said were dead men / Everyone who has the mark will live (Poundstone, 1983). Way back 1981, Styx was also accused of hiding a backmasked satanic message Satan move through our voices on their song Snowblind from their album Paradise Theatre (Holden, 1983). James Young, guitarist of the Styx, called the issu e scrap and stated that, If we want to make a statement, well do it in a way that people can understand us and not in a way where you have to go out and buy a $400 tape player to understand us (Hoekstra, 1983).The famous of all is the staircase to heaven, 1971 song of the band, Led Zeppelin, the backward playing of a portion of the song results to a message Heres to my sweet Satan (Milner). The recording company, Swan Song Records gives a statement regarding the song, Stairway to Heaven, they said that Our turntables only play in one direction-forwards (Davis, 2007). And in an interview Robert Plant, vocalist of the band, Led Zeppelin denied the accusation, he said that To me its very sad, because Stairway To Heaven was written with every best intention, and as far as reversing tapes and putting messages on the end, thats not my dea of making music (Considine, 1983).IV. Comments of Society regarding the song BackmaskingChristian GroupsChristian websites have stated that backmaski ng is widely used to promote Satanism (Robinson). Dial-the-Truth Ministries, the web page of the Albama group argues for the satanic backmasking that lies in the song, Stairway to Heaven of Led Zeppelin saying that the contains a message, Its my sweet Satan Oh I will sing because I live with Satan (Watkins). Bible Believers, an Australian Christian group , quoted a statement from Backward Masking Unmasked, a book written by Jacob Aranza, about William Yarrolls proposal regarding the psychological effect of music to the subconsciousIn the base of our brain, there is a check valve commonly known as Reticular Activating System. The left side of our brain is logical turn the right side is creative, if the left side of our brain cannot decode the meaning of the strange word or phrase, the right side which is the creative one takes over and the message is acknowledge and stored.Parent Music Resource CenterThe Parent Music Resource Center is a committee formed by the American Government in 1985. Its main purpose is to increase parental control to the music selected by the children which may trigger violence and sexual suggestive (Anonymous).Dr. Joe Stuessy testified to the join States Congress at PMRC in 1985Lyrics in some heavy metal music may be converted to subliminal, sometimes lower tracks are combine with louder tracks and these lower tracks are heard by the subconscious mind and not the conscious the process of doing this is called backmasking. There is a disagreement between experts regarding the effect of subliminal. We need more research on that.

Effect Of Boiling On The Vitamin C Biology Essay

Effect Of Boiling On The Vitamin C Biology EssayAbstractThis test was designed to investigate the effect of stewing on the vitamin C surfeit of selected ve bestowables ( bitter gourd, broccoli, dough, cauliflower, green capsicum, sweet peas, long beans and tomato). Vegetables were turn for 10 minutes. The juices of both dim and boiled vegs were extracted and titrated with 1 cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP resolve. The pile of severally juice infallible to decolourise the DCPIP settlement was sumd and the vitamin C subject matter was determined. The comparable procedure was restate with new(prenominal) types of vegetables. The statistical t-test (paired sample) showed that the vitamin C content of raw vegetables is signifi fecal mattertly higher(prenominal) than that of boiled vegetables. The results support the hypothesis boil reduces the vitamin C content of vegetables.accumulative sacred scripture depend one hundred thirty-fiveResearch and RationaleVitamin C is needed for growth, the healings of wounds, and the repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones and teeth. It is essential in the formation of collagen, a structural protein needed in the deductive reasoning of skin, scar tissue, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels.1The antioxidant activity of vitamin C reduces the damage ca subroutined by free radicals, which contribute to aging, undersidecer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.2Vitamin C improves resistance to infection and reduces the risk of infection of cardiovascular diseases by raising the level of blood high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol.34The Recommended Dietary each(prenominal)owance (RDA) of vitamin C is approximately 90mg for men and 75mg for women.2 Vitamin C must be consumed by dint of our diet because it is not stored in our body. Since it is peeing soluble, excessive amounts of vitamin C are excreted via urine.1 Deficiency in vitamin C can lead to scurvy.5Sources of vitamin C include citrous fruit fruits an d fresh vegetables.6 additive playscript count 337The main biologically active form of vitamin C is ascorbic acid. In this experiment, the presence of ascorbic acid is indicated by a oxidation-reduction dye, DCPIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol).7DCPIP reacts with ascorbic acid in a 11 ratio. Ascorbic acid, be a reducing agent, reduces the DCPIP, while ascorbic acid itself is oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid.Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acidDCPIP (blue) Reduced DCPIP (Colourless) forecast 1 The oxidation of ascorbic acid and reduction of DCPIP8The end-point of this DCPIP titration is when the blue colour of DCPIP disappears, forming a colourless source which persists for 10 seconds or to a greater extent.8 This method is chosen because DCPIP is less toxic. It is sour that the vegetable tissue component which reduces the DCPIP rapidly is vitamin C.Cumulative word count 495Traditionally, vegetables are cooked to destroy germs, to soften the food so that it can be substantially digested , to make them look attractive and to enhance the taste.91011However, the stability of vitamin C is affected by exposure to air or light, presence of metals or heat energy and alkalinity. Marzena et al (2007) reported that simmering ca employ a reduction in vitamin C content (3.68 mg/100g in potatoes and 2.38mg/100g in carrots)12.This experiment was aimed to compare the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables, thus determining the best method of consuming them so that the intake of vitamin C is maximised. Vegetables selected are those which are eaten raw or later being boiled by Malaysians. Vegetables such as broccoli and green pepper were selected because of their high vitamin C content so that the loss of vitamin C during simmering is more significant.Furthermore, the vitamin C content of cookery water system of broccoli, cauliflower, swag and tomato were also determined to identify whether the vitamin C content was confounded due to heat from boiling or leaching into the readying water. These vegetables were chosen because they are the typical ingredients to make vegetable soup.Some people rarely eat raw vegetables.1314The results from this experiment can be utilise as evidence that eating fresh, raw vegetables are healthier as they contain more nutritional values. Consuming boiled vegetables whitethorn result in a lower intake of vitamin C because the water used for boiling is usually discarded. Thus, it may also be advisable to use the preparation water as a soup base to prevent wastage of vitamin C.Cumulative word count 855Experimental HypothesisThe vitamin C content of the raw vegetables is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetables.Null HypothesisThere is no significant difference between the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables.VariablesManipulated asseverate of vegetables (raw, boiled)Responding peck of vegetable juice needed to decolourise 1cm3 DCPIP solutionFixed Type and meanness of vegetable juice, length of e xposure to air after mix the juice, mass of 0.1% DCPIP solution, standard vitamin C solution, boiling time and amount of water used for boiling.ApparatusTest pipes, test tube rack, 500ml volumetric flask, pipette (to measure accurately to 1cm3), burette, pestle and mortar, measuring balance, glass rod, 200ml beaker, blender, a stainless steel pot and stove.Materials0.1% DCPIP solution, vitamin C tablet, distilled water, muslin cloth and eight polar types of vegetables listed in Table 5.Cumulative word count 995PlanningA trial experiment was conducted using cabbage to determine the most suitable method of manipulating the variable. The vitamin C was extracted by blending 100g cabbage in 100ml distilled water using a commercial blender. The juice extracted was then boiled for 10 minutes. Anformer(a) 100g of cabbage was boiled in 100ml cooking water for the same period of time. The boiled cabbage was blended to extract its juice. The control experiment was carried out using raw cab bage juice.CabbageVolume of cabbage juice needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution (ml)Raw9.70Blended, then boiled11.30Boiled, then blended15.75Table 1 Results for the different methods used to determine the volume of juice neededThe results show that boiling the cabbage before blending it had the most significant effect on the vitamin C content. Besides, this is the customary way of cooking. Thus, the method of boiling before blending was used.The ratio of cabbage to cooking water to be used was identified. 100g of cabbage was added to either 100ml (11 ratio) or 200ml (12 ratios) distilled water and boiled.CabbageCabbage to cooking water ratioVolume of juice needed (ml)Raw9.70Boiled111213.6515.85Table 2 The volume of cabbage juice needed with respect to different cabbage to cooking water ratioBased on table 2, when a ratio of 11 was used, the difference in volume of juice was small. Thus, the cabbage to water ratio was changed to 12 so that the effect was more significant.Cumula tive word count 1251The most suitable concentration of DCPIP solution to be used was determined. 0.1g of DCPIP was fade out in either 100ml or 10ml distilled water.Volume of distilled water (ml)Concentration of DCPIP solution (%)Volume of cabbage juice needed (ml)RawBoiled1000.19.715.7101.034.654.0Table 3 The volume of cabbage juices needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution with respect to different concentration of DCPIP solutionDCPIP solution of concentration 0.1% was used because a smaller volume of cabbage juice is needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution. This makes the procedure easier and shortens the experimental time.Cumulative word count 1354Real Experimental ProceduresI Preparing standard vitamin C solutionA vitamin C tablet was crushed into fine powder with a pestle and mortar.62.5mg of the vitamin C powder was weighed using a measuring balance. The powder was dissolved in a 200ml beaker by adding 10ml portions of distilled water. The solution was stirred using a glas s rod.The solution was transferred into a 500ml volumetric flask. The beaker and glass rod were rinsed with successive portions of distilled water and the washings was transferred into the flask. The solution was made up to mark using a dropper.The solution is now exactly 0.125 mg of ascorbic acid per cm3 of solution.Steps 2 to 4 were repeated to prepare different concentrations of vitamin C solution listed in Table 4 using different amounts of vitamin C powder.II Preparing standard curve of vitamin C1cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution was pipette into a test tube.A burette was filled with 0.125 mg cm-3 vitamin C solution.The vitamin C solution was added drop by drop into the test tube containing DCPIP solution until the blue DCPIP decolourises. The tube was shaken gently after each drop. The volume of vitamin C solution needed was measured.The procedure was repeated twice to get an average titre.Steps 1 to 4 were repeated using vitamin C solution of concentrations listed in Table 4.A stand ard vitamin C curve (Graph 1) was plot based on the result.Cumulative word count 1608III Identifying the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetablesThe non-edible parts of a bitter gourd were run intod.100g of bitter gourd was blended in 100ml distilled water using a commercial blender and was filtered using a muslin cloth.The volume of the freshly extracted vegetable juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was determined using steps 1 to 4 in Experiment II.100g of bitter guard was boiled for 10 minutes in 200ml boiling water using a 5-inch-deep stainless steel pot.After 10 minutes, the boiled bitter gourd was immediately removed from the cooking water and cooled by immersing in an ice-cold water bath for 5 minutes.Steps 2 and 3 were repeated using the boiled vegetables.This experiment was repeated with the other vegetables listed in Table 5.The vitamin C content of all vegetables was deliberate using the standard vitamin C curve.The data of volume needed and vitamin C c ontent were tabulated.A graph of vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables was plotted.A t-test was used to statistically analyse the data.IV Identifying how vitamin C is lossThe cooking water of broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and tomato was collected.200ml distilled water was added to the cooking water. It was cooled by immersing in an ice-cold water bath for 5 minutes.Steps 1 to 4 in Experiment II and steps 8 and 9 in Experiment III were repeated using the cooking water.The difference between vitamin C content of vegetables before and after boiling (inclusive of its cooking water) was calculated.A graph of vitamin C content of cooking water was plotted.Cumulative word count 1895Safety PrecautionsHeat resistant gloves were languid when dealing with boiled vegetables.Laboratory coat and goggles were worn to prevent the DCPIP solution and vitamin C solution or vegetable juices from staining the clothes or skin, or getting into the eyes.All glasswares such as test tubes, pipette and beakers were handled with extra conduct since the apparatus could break easily and cause injury.When using the burette, care must be taken to ensure that no air bubbles were trapped at the jet which may affect the accuracy of the titre.Cumulative word count 1990ResultsI Preparing standard vitamin C solutionMass of vitamin C powder (mg)Concentration of Vitamin C solution (mg cm-3)Volume of vitamin C solution (ml)123 second-rate62.50.12510.3010.2010.2010.20125.00.2505.205.205.155.20187.50.3754.004.054.004.00250.00.5002.903.003.003.00312.50.6251.801.801.801.80375.00.7501.401.351.501.40Table 4 The mass of vitamin C powder needed for serial dilution and the volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solutionCumulative word count 2082II Standard Vitamin C curveCumulative word count 2133Graph 1 Graph of volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise 1 cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution against concentration of Vitamin CIII Calculating the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetablesFrom graph 1, vitamin C solution is needed to decolourise 1 cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution.Using the formulawherev = Volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise the DCPIP solutionc = concentration of vitamin C solutionk = constantIt can be derived thatThus, the vitamin C content of vegetables, c can be calculated byCumulative word count 2219Types of vegetablesVolume needed to decolourise 1cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution (ml)Raw vegetablesBoiled Vegetables123Average123AverageBitter gourd2.402.552.452.504.204.054.104.10broccoli4.254.204.154.206.206.156.206.20Cabbage9.709.559.609.6015.6015.8015.7515.70Cauliflower2.852.852.652.803.653.653.753.70Green pepper1.201.051.301.203.503.403.603.50Sweet peas4.254.404.254.309.009.008.808.90 longsighted beans13.0013.0012.9013.0021.0021.2020.9021.00Tomato0.550.700.600.601.852.001.901.90Table 5 Volume of juices needed for different types of raw and boiled vegetablesTypes of vegetablesVitamin C content (mg cm-3)Raw vegetablesBoiled Vegetables Bitter gourdBroccoliCabbageCauliflowerGreen pepperSweet peasLong beansTomatoCumulative word count 2387Table 6 Vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetablesCumulative word count 2430Figure 2 Bar map of vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetablesIV Identifying how vitamin C is lossCooking waterVolume needed to decolourise 1cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution (ml)Vitamin C content (mg cm-3)123AverageBroccoli13.2013.0013.1513.10Cabbage15.2015.2015.0015.10Cauliflower15.7015.8515.8015.80Tomato9.459.509.509.50Table 7 The vitamin C content of cooking waterTypes of VegetablesVitamin C content (mg cm-3)Before boilingAfter boilingDifference= Before After (Raw Total)RawBoiledCooking waterTotal(Boiled + Cooking water)Broccoli0.4277-0.0009Cabbage0.23350.0460Cauliflower0.6004-0.0425Tomato1.1369-1.8631Cumulative word count 2553Table 8 Difference in total vitamin C content before and after boilingCumulative word count 2598Figure 3 Bar chart of vitamin C content of cooking waterStatistical AnalysisThe pai red sample t-test was used to analyse the data.Types of vegetablesVitamin C content (mg cm-3)Difference, d = Raw BoiledRawBoiledBitter gourd0.72000.43900.2810Broccoli0.42860.29030.1383Cabbage0.18750.11460.0729Cauliflower0.64290.48650.1564Green pepper1.50000.51430.9857Sweet peas0.41860.20220.2164Long beans0.13850.08570.0528Tomato3.00000.94742.0526Table 7 Difference in vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetablesCumulative word count 2735The calculated t-value (2.005) shows it is significant whereby it exceeds the tabulated t-value, which is 1.895 (pData AnalysisThe vitamin C content of raw vegetables is on average 0.4945 mg cm-3 higher than that of boiled vegetables. The percentage loss of vitamin C during boiling is 56.22%. Error bars displayed on Figure 2 represent the overall distribution of the data. Upper error bar for boiled vegetables does not overlap the clasp of value within error bar of raw vegetables. Thus, these two vitamin C content values differ significantly.Figure 2 shows that raw vegetables come higher vitamin C content than boiled vegetables, suggesting that it is best to eat raw vegetables rather than those boiled. Nevertheless, if vegetables were to be boiled, it is advisable to serve the vegetables with the cooking water since vitamin C is found in the cooking water after boiling (Figure 3).Cumulative word count 2865Boiling breaks down the cell wall of vegetables, causing their permeability to increase. Vitamin C, being water-soluble, leaches into the cooking water. This agrees with the data in Table 7 as vitamin C is found in the cooking water after boiling. The vitamin C is lost as the cooking water is discarded.15The reduction in vitamin C content of vegetables (including their cooking water) after boiling as shown in Table 8 agrees with the suggestion that vitamin C is lost due to thermal degradation.1617The high temperature of boiling water increases the rate of oxidation of L-ascorbic acid to L-dehydroascorbic acid. L-dehydroasco rbic acid, being unstable, tends to undergo hydrolysis to form diketogulonic acid, a physiologically inactive compound. This suggests that heat produced during boiling can cause vitamin loss.Figure 4 The destruction of vitamin C18Burg Fraile (1995) reported that vitamin C can also be destroyed by enzymatic destruction and enzyme thermal deactivation reactions during home cooking.1920Cumulative word count 3123However, the results differ for cabbage. Unlike the other three vegetables, the total vitamin C content of cabbage after boiling is 0.0460 mg cm-3 higher than that of raw cabbage. This may be due to the more complete extraction of juice as the cabbage tissue is softer after boiling.The results of my investigation are supported by a previous investigation by Podsedek A. et al (2007) on two varieties of red cabbage Koda and Kissendrup. The vitamin C content of vegetables decreased after boiling.21Cooking methodCooking time (min)Vegetable water (g/ml)KodaKissendrupVitamin C conte nt (mg/100g)Raw cabbage72.5662.00In boiling water201223.7426.77201133.6138.36101131.7438.72Table 8 The effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of red cabbageMoreover, Carol Reiss (1993) reported an average of 21.75mg/100g ascorbic acid in the cooking water after boiling a cabbage. This agrees with my results that vitamin C is present in the cooking water after boiling.22Cumulative word count 3360EvaluationThe tube was shaken gently and consistently during each experiment after each drop of vitamin C solution to allow rapid diffusion of vitamin C throughout the DCPIP solution. Shaking the tube too cleverly may cause oxygen from air to dissolve and oxidise the reduced DCPIP solution, restoring the blue colour. Then, an increased volume of vegetable juice may be needed. All vegetable juices, as well as those boiled, should be titrated with the DCPIP solution once they have been extracted because vitamin C is easily destroyed by the atmospheric oxygen via oxidation. The DCPIP soluti on must be freshly prepared on the day of experiment. The DCPIP solution was filtered to avoid any impurities suspending at the bottom of test tube. Similarly, the vegetable juice was filtered to remove the vegetable pulp which may clog the burette tap.The non-edible parts and damaged leaf or stem of the vegetable samples were removed. Vegetables were cut into small cubes of about the same size so that the surface area exposed to the cooking water is constant. They were added into the pot only after the water starts boiling to keep the boiling temperature and season constant. A stainless steel pot was used as ordinary pots may have transition metals which may oxidise the ascorbic acid.Before starting the experiment, a rough titration was run to determine the exact colour change at the end point. For cauliflower, the colour may change from blue to pale yellow, which is the colour of the cauliflower juice. AppendixTo minimise inaccuracy, the procedure was repeated to get an average t itre. Eight types of vegetables were sampled to obtain enough replicates to support the hypothesis. A burette and pipette were used because of their high accuracy. burette readings are accurate to 0.05cm3. Since two readings are taken, there is a combined error of 0.1cm3. If the titre is 20.00cm3, the possible error due to apparatus is 0.5%.Cumulative word count 3682Limitations in this experiment include the ripeness, place of origin, storage and handling conditions of the vegetables.23The season of year and time of day from which the vegetables were picked were uncontrollable. They were bought from a hypermarket and were chosen based on their appearance such as colour and degree of damage.Modifications include repeating the experiment using other types of vegetables such as potatoes and carrots. Boiling may have different effects on different varieties of vegetables as their nutritional contents vary. Using only eight types of vegetables may give a wrong federal agency on the eff ect of boiling on the vitamin C content of all vegetables.The experiment can also be modified to investigate the effect of other cooking methods like deep-frying, steaming and microwave cooking on the vitamin C content of vegetables thus determining the best cooking method which results in token(prenominal) vitamin C loss.To ensure complete extraction of ascorbic acid, the vegetables can be blended with 5% metaphosphoric acid. This acid inactivates the enzyme ascorbic acid oxidase (an enzyme present in many plant tissue) which catalyses the oxidation of ascorbic acid when the cell components of a vegetable is mixed during blending.2425ConclusionBoiling significantly reduces the vitamin C content of vegetables (by 56.22%). The vitamin C content of raw vegetable is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetable.Cumulative word count 3947Source EvaluationSource 4 is a published book with ten contributors. Hence, the study provided is reliable and factual unless it has become out- dated since it was published in 1993.Source 5 (The Star) is Malaysias most widely-read English-language daily. One of its pullouts, Fit for Life, provides up-to-date articles on diet and nutrition. Therefore, the information can be trusted.ScienceDirect (Source 10) offers more than 2,500 peer-reviewed journals and more than nine million full-text articles. EBSCO (Source 11) provides online information databases and has a renewal rate of 99.6%. Thus, these online-journal sources are trustable.Source 12 is a website produced by the subject field Library of Medicine, a part of the National Institutes of Health. It shares extensive information on over 800 diseases and health conditions, and is reviewed at least every 6 months. Thus, it should be reliable.Cumulative word count 4087AppendixFigure 2 The colour change at end point for cauliflowerCumulative word count 4098

The Feminine Mystique and the Organization Man Essay -- essays researc

For galore(postnominal) years society has embraced the idea that the difference between men and women were biologically determined. Others see not only the physical but as well the complaisant, emotional and intellectual differences between males and females. Though through traditions, media, and press, we act accordingly to how others view us. Each individual has pressure placed upon them based on their genders. Our get off is determined by genetics while our gender is programmed by social customs. Gender roles by definition atomic number 18 the social norms that dictate what is socially set aside male and female behavior. Some theories interpret that a woman is tender and a loving mother, while on the other hand men are aggressive and are the dominant one of the family. An individual gender role is modeled through socialization. Individuals learn the ways, traditions, norms, and rules of getting along with others. A persons environment has a big influence on the roles deeme d expectable for men and women. The fact that gender roles exist is indisputable. Gender roles influence men and women in close to every area of life. Early into childhood girls and boys are treated differently in families, schools, and other institutions. Most children are raised with the belief that girls are middling in pink and boys are rough in blue. As infants grow older, their parents ideas about gender stereotypes continue to influence how their children are treated. Mothers and fathers tend to look at their baby girls as more fragile than their boys. Girls are encouraged to play with dolls, while boys are taught to play with trucks and army toys. This can be seen at honest about any playground, schoolroom, or home in America. Commercials on TV show these same characteristics everyday. When a commercial for a Barbie doll comes on, you dont see a boy playing with it. In fact you dont see a boy in the commercial at all. further the opposite is true for boys toys. Girls are nt seen in their commercials either. There is TV shows that work the same way. When I was a kid, I watched cartoons like Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and my babe watched ones like cathexis Bears. Each show was obviously made and watched predominately by one gender. Girls dont watch Ninja Turtles and boys dont watch Care Bears. In present time, there is a whole channel devoted just to women. Womens Entertainment Televi... ...children alone. Because of this, men are seen as the problem in relationships and the reason that there are so men single mothers. Once again if you look at television talk shows, you can see how many single mothers there are. Shows about troubled children, the fathers are never there. But its alright for women to raise children independently? Gender equality has been a social concern since man first stepped foot on the earth. When we think of gender equality discrimination is the first thought that comes to mind. Gender roles by definition are the social nor ms that dictate what is socially male and female behavior. The argument begins between these two sides when the gender roles in society are looked at more near are they fair on both sides, or do they in fact discriminate against he two sexes. Men are taught to be emotionless in times of stress and women are taught to be helpless and needy. This is how our society expects men and women to behave. Maybe in the near future as a close we will use gender transcendence, in which as a people we will abandon our assigned gender ideas, so that other aspects of life bring to pass separated and gender free.

Socialism in George Orwell’s Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm by George Orwell is a novel based on the lives of a society of animals living on Animal Farm. Although the backing of the book suggests the book is merely about animals, the story is a much more in depth analysis of the human nature and style. The animals are employ as puppets to illustrate how humans operate, how propaganda was used by early powerful leaders such as Stalin, and the effect this type of leadership had on the behavior of the people. Before reading this fable, I was in many views antagonistic with Orwells beliefs of human nature.Orwell believed that although socialism is an beliefl, it could never be successfully adopted due to disobedient sins of human nature. For example, although Napoleon, the main character, seems at first to be a good leader, he is eventually overcome by greed and soon becomes power-hungry. Orwells idea contradicted my understanding of human nature at the time because I was raised with the belief that when a person has good qualit ies at start, it will continue to be in that manner. Orwell shows us how, if only animals became aware of their strength, we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat. The novel again challenged me. I had resistent opinions on the behavior of the high class. This brought to me that there are different members of the high class and they differ in their philosophy. There are those members of the high class that help the lower class and those that exploit the lower class in all ways possible. George Orwell does non take view against Socialism but rather against Stalins interpretation of the Socialist ideas. In fact Orwell is an advocate of Socialism. Ones belief that Socialism could work cannot last without also believing one major assumption about human nature that we are all capable of perfection. Orwells views again contradict my sustain because I have thought that the possibilities of being perfect are almost impossible.

Academics versus Writing Centered Classes Essay -- Literature English

One of the biggest debates in opus theory seems to be the notion of bringing up the creative craving versus structure in the paternity classroom. We have run into this argument time and again in class, and it is waged on a larger scale in the Bartholomae and Elbow Debate in terms of academic versus writing centered classes. In class we have discussed structure as grammar, and the creative impulse as the desire students have to break the rules of language in their own creative endeavors. Bartholomae and Elbow provide us with natural extensions of this argument in their own debate. The academic classroom according to Bartholomae is more beneficial to students, as they gain a sense of intertextuality and learn how to write and respond to the academic writing that has preceded them ( i.e. faultfinding theory and literature). Elbow on the other hand fosters the idea that students will learn how to write more effectively within smaller writing communities that are created right wit hin the classroom itself and spends more time in his own classes with that side of the issue. This is the conflict that we will run into no matter what facet of composition theory we discuss. The problem with this debate, however, is that both Elbow and Bartholomae are conceiving of these two (supposedly) oppositional roles too narrowly. They are both at odds concerning the role of each in the writing classroom despite the fact that they see the commonalities. It is important for all teachers of writing to address this debate, and be able to see past it, which as evidenced in the debate in Cross Talk, Elbow and Bartholomae were not able to do. I feel as if my first personal essay addressed these matters as well, although I did not deal them specific... ...ter good writing. Theories and concepts could be introduced regarding critical analysis, but nothing would be set forth as the proper way to view it. whole of this however, may be too much for first year composition students to h andle. By retention the number of major works to a minimum and keeping the required responses and writing assignments short but quite frequent, hopefully it would be possible to keep things from getting too overwhelming, and keep this debate from rearing its loathsome head.Works CitedBartholomae, David. Writing with Teachers A Conversation with Peter Elbow. Cross Talk in Comp Theory A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. working capital State University NCTE, 1997.Elbow, Peter. beingness a Writer vs. Being an Academic A Conflict in Goals. Cross Talk in Comp Theory A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Washington State University NCTE, 1997.

Nixon: A Presidential Unraveling Essay -- Government

Corruption in politics has never been more notably observable by the American people than that of the Watergate Crisis. Though Nixons involvement of the actual break-in has never been proven, his cover-up of the event and his misuse of electric chairial power were clearly established. oer the course of several years, America would bear witness to scandalous events, the first resignation of a President, conviction and imprisonment of twenty-five officials within the Nixon administration, and undoubtedly the near severe constitutional crisis in recent history. In November of 1968, Richard Nixon claims the presidency for the Republicans in one of the closest elections in U.S. history. His election to office was bolstered by the middle-class world who were fed up with the liberal politics practiced by the Democrats. Ironically, Nixon choice of appointments to the cabinet and White House staff were to ensure restoration of conservative set and carry out his orders with blind obedience . (Tindall 1364). Many of the members appointed would be the same brought up on charges during the Watergate hearings. There had been many questionable judgments made by President Nixon during his time in office. One had been on July 23, 1970 when he notified the FBI, CIA, National Security Agency and Defense Intelligence Agency that he had approved a novel plan for expanding domestic intelligence gathering that included breaking and entering, opening personal mail and interception of communications between U.S. residents and foreign locations. He claims to have subsequently rescinded the order due to protests by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. There has been no clear indication that any of the illegal acts suggested by the president were ever carried ou... ...ity meant to bolster Nixons standing for reelection. It is also without question that Nixon knew of the activities and blatantly lied to both the Senate Watergate Committee in addition to the American people. His clear misuse of power prompted a forebode for his impeachment as head of our country and an end to the constitutional crisis he incited. Works CitedTindall, George Brown. Watergate. America A Narrative history. 8th ed. Vol. 2. New York Norton, 2010. 1375-1379. Print.Watergate I The Evidence To Date. while 102.8 (1973) 18. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Apr. 2012.The President Gambles On Going Public. Time 103.19 (1974) 22. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Apr. 2012.Hufbauer, Benjamin. Watergate. The Nixon Presidential Library And Museum. Journal Of American History 98.3 (2011) 790-796. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Apr. 2012.

An Analytical Essay on the Humor in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

An Analytical Essay on the wag in small town Humor was added to juncture by deuce major thoughts, along with Hamlets use of his antic-disposition. These two were the scene amongst Hamlet and Polonius in the library, and the scene with the grave diggers (the clowns). The scene between Hamlet and Polonius took place in Act II Scene 2. In Hamlets first encounter with Polonius, he immediately insulted the old man by trading him a fishmonger. He then quickly changed his opinion and complemented Polonius by calling him an h starst man. Hamlet said, to be honest, as this world goes, is to be one man picked out of decade thousand. As we know Polonius definitely was not such a man. Hamlet was portrayed as a minded(p) lad, who was playing a psychological game with an old bulls eye. He asked Polonius whether or not he had a daughter, pretending he did not know that Ophelia was Poloniuss daughter. When Hamlet was asked about what he was reading, he replied by saying, words, words, words . Throughout this scene, Hamlet revealed himself to Polonius as a mentally unstable man. He was playing a fool himself, while ingeniously apply this to make Polonius look like an even bigger fool. He cleverly insulted Polonius appearances indirectly, by referring to the take for he was reading. According to that book old men had greyness beards, their faces were wrinkled, they had a plentiful lack of wit, and so on. He was describing Polonius exactly. Perhaps the most humorous part took place when Hamlet, while saying, for yourself, sir, shall maturate old as I am, if like a crab you could go backward, he advanced towards Polonius, causing him to walk backwards. Those words and the actions on the submit revealed Hamlet to be a daring young man. When Polonius finally left, Hamlet dropped his pretense and yelled, These tedious old fools. In Act III Scene 2, Hamlet used a recorder, the melodic instrument, as a telescope when Polonius entered the scene. He asked Polonius, Do you s ee yonder cloud thats almost in shape of a camel?. Hamlet always pretend to be the madman in front of Polonius, while he actually made him look like an old fool. The scene with the grave diggers (the clowns), took place in Act V Scene I. The clowns were discussing Ophelias death and were making fun of the case of Sir James Hales, who also drowned himself.An Analytical Essay on the Humor in Hamlet The Tragedy of Hamlet EssaysAn Analytical Essay on the Humor in Hamlet Humor was added to Hamlet by two major scenes, along with Hamlets use of his antic-disposition. These two were the scene between Hamlet and Polonius in the library, and the scene with the grave diggers (the clowns). The scene between Hamlet and Polonius took place in Act II Scene 2. In Hamlets first encounter with Polonius, he immediately insulted the old man by calling him a fishmonger. He then quickly changed his opinion and complemented Polonius by calling him an honest man. Hamlet said, to be honest, as this wo rld goes, is to be one man picked out of ten thousand. As we know Polonius definitely was not such a man. Hamlet was portrayed as a clever lad, who was playing a psychological game with an old fool. He asked Polonius whether or not he had a daughter, pretending he did not know that Ophelia was Poloniuss daughter. When Hamlet was asked about what he was reading, he replied by saying, words, words, words. Throughout this scene, Hamlet revealed himself to Polonius as a mentally unstable man. He was playing a fool himself, while ingeniously using this to make Polonius look like an even bigger fool. He cleverly insulted Polonius appearances indirectly, by referring to the book he was reading. According to that book old men had grey beards, their faces were wrinkled, they had a plentiful lack of wit, and so on. He was describing Polonius exactly. Perhaps the most humorous part took place when Hamlet, while saying, for yourself, sir, shall grow old as I am, if like a crab you could go back ward, he advanced towards Polonius, causing him to walk backwards. Those words and the actions on the stage revealed Hamlet to be a daring young man. When Polonius finally left, Hamlet dropped his pretense and yelled, These tedious old fools. In Act III Scene 2, Hamlet used a recorder, the musical instrument, as a telescope when Polonius entered the scene. He asked Polonius, Do you see yonder cloud thats almost in shape of a camel?. Hamlet always pretended to be the madman in front of Polonius, while he actually made him look like an old fool. The scene with the grave diggers (the clowns), took place in Act V Scene I. The clowns were discussing Ophelias death and were making fun of the case of Sir James Hales, who also drowned himself.