Media Essay - 1335 Words

Samuel OGarro Media and Society Professor Stephanie Morrow Media portrayal of sex and violence between today and my past. Media is a mode of communication which acts to be a link between the people in today’s society. There were many different issues presented between today and earlier days in the case of media portrayal of sex and violence. Today the media represents the stories of sex and violence in every single newspaper, video, radio and channels as opposed to the past, the media was considered to be reliable and a big supporter of the society. Compared to when I was younger the media has changed a good bit. Its true that the media plays a very important role in todays world than like my childhood days and also it†¦show more content†¦Because as adults we understand sex more than younger children you would find that some adults tend not to be able to control there sexual urges which makes them commit some really stupid crimes. Recommendations for minimizing problems of media portrayals Entertainment and Education programs I think this is one of the best ideas there is to do for embedding the behaviors of the audiences in order to minimize the problems of media portrayal of sex and violence. This is used to reach the intended audiences through radio and TV programs for minimizing the media problems and this can be reduced by attracting audiences through irresistible programs. The new kinds of technologies were also used for shrinking the problems of media portrayal of sex and violence. The technologies that the media have includes the Social Networking sites, such as Facebook, Instagram and other interactive websites. These Social Media websites were used to reach the sexual health audiences for mobile target audiences. The sexual health message of media technologies could make awareness for minimizing the problems of portrayal of sex and violence. Media Advocacy Media advocacy can reduce the problems of media portrayals of sex and violence. This recommendation focused to increase the awareness of health care issues on the public. A lot of communication activities willShow MoreRelatedMedia, Poor, And Media845 Words   |  4 PagesIt s an interesting world we live in when comedians such as Jon Stewart are more trusted to give truthful, adequate information rather than news outlets and the media. What seems like a curious predicament is really nothing more than the creation of a monetized media, the value of a persons interest in a headline. In Media, poor ethics and sensationalism caused by greed have led to unfortunate effects such as misinformation, idolization of celebrities, and reduced credibility of news outlets asRead MoreMedia Panics981 Words   |  4 PagesA media panic or often referred to as a moral panic, is a term that describes how the media is formulating issues amongst our society. Over time, our culture has s hifted and caused for many conclusions regarding media panics and the relationship between youth and the media culture. Based upon previous knowledge and course readings, I have drawn a very disturbing conclusion; this being that no matter what age, children are willing or non willingly now under surveillance to determine what kind ofRead MorePrint Media And Digital Media1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe print and the digital media have been in the forefront in acting as the social mirror reflecting on what goes on in the society. Thus when it is said that the print media is dead it becomes quite disturbing because traditionally it is known as the only tool that people have come to trust to deliver information in a holistic manner. Well, in the advertising world, it is assumed that the more the products are displayed in pages of magazines and newspapers; they are bound to be sold more becauseRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On New Media1313 Words   |  6 Pagesreceived information and n ews through paper-based media,like newspapers,magazines and books.Owing to the appearance of mobile phones and IPADs,people can look through news easily and conveniently,paper-based media need to innovate and reform.This assignment will present the status quo of paper-based media,it will explain the combination of new media and paper-based media,the significance of paper-based media innovation. McLuhan Marshall said that media are the basic motivation of social developmentRead MoreMedia Influence Mass Media795 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and the Influence on America and Television By. Mozelle Jones HUMANITIES In real life, we are in Mass Media and we did not even know it. Everything from you learning to just leisure involvement. The cultural products that influence mass media and has taking part is Net Flix. It has made an impact on the movie business where television can be used to see movies and mass media. Television still has an impact on cultural meanings. It shows us the news, ads, and movies that changeRead MoreMedia And The Media Industry1465 Words   |  6 Pagesformulate a reply to your comments about media course, Television Production which I’ve chosen to study. Media courses have been taught at U.K universities for over thirty years and vary from practical to academic studies, but one thing is for sure, they have evolved over time as the media industry has changed considerably. I understand you have major reservations about my choice of course, as this isn’t traditional degree, it’s worth noting that the media industry generates  £8 million an hour inRead MoreMedia And The Global Media1417 Words   |  6 Pagesbringing about the global media order. The first of these five shifts is the increasing concentration of ownership. This means that the global media is now dominated by a small number of powerful, centralized media conglomerates. Sociological theories of the various forms of the media shows us that they can never be assumed to be politically neutral or socially beneficial. For many people the key problem is the increasing concentration of ownership of different types of media within large conglomeratesRead MoreHow Media Affects The Way Of Media Consumption2434 Words   |  10 PagesSummary The research conducts that how extent media are consumed by the contemporary immigrants, who is from East Asia, in London and how they perceive their nation’s news, Britain’s news and International news via certain media. Method of research is one to one interview followed by questionnaires, as well as additional oral questionnaires. Results of interview show that four of five interviewers usually check their nation’s news while do not check Britain’s domestic news. In addition, even theyRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe way that diasporic audiences use media products to give them a connection to their country of origin has been a topic of research for many scholars. The increasing ability to stream content online allows people to keep the same routine in watching content and to watch content which they can relate to and see themselves reflected in, often unlike the content on in their new home country. Online news allows pe ople to keep up with current events and look out for events that may affect the ones theyRead MoreMedia Bias And The Media1042 Words   |  5 Pagesor the method for reporting them is termed as Media Bias. It is some of the time said that media tailor the news and as opposed to introducing the truths it shows different purposes of perspectives and sentiments. Media inclination is pervasive or broad and it defies the guidelines of news-casting. Media Bias is seen in just about all the nations on the planet and the bearing and level of its effect differs. Some of the time the impediments of media may likewise be translated as inclination. Such

Zeitoun Free Essays

Steven Massie Mr. Bevier AP English Language AA/BB 1 September 2012 Corruption in New Orleans In Zeitoun written and published by Abdulrahman Zeitoun and Dave Eggers, the most powerful assertion made is that the government was corrupt during the aftermath of hurricane Katrina. This allegation is unfortunately accurate. We will write a custom essay sample on Zeitoun or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many citizens were left stranded in their homes, while the government gave orders to arrest innocent men and women who were still in the city of New Orleans, which also lead to the establishment of many corrupt government programs. To start, the author supports his statement by including information of citizens who were left hopeless at their homes. Some citizens waited on their rooftops, while others waited on their front porch. On Thursday September 1st, 2005 Abdulrahman Zeitoun paddled throughout the city determined to help save stranded citizens. He went house to house and reported to the National Guard where and who needed to be rescued. At his first encounter with a soldier, he was told he could not be helped. However, while talking to another soldier he was told everything would be taken care of and the citizens would be helped. Unfortunately, help did not come to everyone. â€Å"Alvin and Beulah were still there, on the porch, bags still ready, a light rain still falling on them. They had been waiting for four hours† (Dave Eggers 137). This passage further proves only one example of citizens who received no help from the government, no rescue, and no safety. The corrupt government left many unsure if they were going to survive at all. Continuing forward, the author further demonstrates his point by including information of innocent citizens being arrested during the aftermath of the storm. The first time readers become aware of this is on Tuesday September, 6 on page 212. Zeitoun along with his friends living in the house on Claiborne are all arrested and driven to a terminal a few blocks from the Superdome. From there, they are told they are under arrest because they are ‘Al Qaeda’. However much the evidence may have pointed towards this being a correct statement, the men had committed no crime, had not been processed correctly, and had not been allowed to make a call. All evidence of the government being corrupt during this time. Another example brought to reader’s attention is a man Abdulrahman Zeitoun meets at the Hunt Correctional Center. â€Å"He met a man who said he had been moving furniture in his house just after the storm hit. The police spotted him and broke in. When the protested his innocence they beat him up and left. A few days later, he came to the Greyhound Station to complain. They arrested him and sent him to Hunt† (Eggers 258). This ridiculous behavior during a time of crisis is unacceptable and shows how the government was corrupt. Lastly, the author strongly supports his assertion by explaining the conditions he lived under at these corrupt government programs. The first place Zeitoun was held captive was the terminal close to the Superdome. Here, innocent men were pepper sprayed, and tortured in other various ways. They were given 1 steel rack, a concrete floor, and a negative amount of sympathy at best. â€Å"Zeitoun had been brought into the station on September 6, seven and a half days after the hurricane passed through the city. Even under the best of circumstances, building a prison like this would have taken four or five days† (Eggers 226). This also tells the reader, that instead of spending their time saving citizens who needed them, they were building a jail to house innocent men. The reader continues forward, to find out poor food and medical help was provided, along with the absence of a phone call. Under United Stated laws, a person who is arrested is guaranteed one phone call, again proving the corruption of the government. When one faces the facts provided in Zeitoun they have no choice but to agree that the government was corrupt during the aftershock of the storm. When citizens are left without help, took away for no reason, and held captive under terrible conditions, the reader is left with no choice but to be disappointed in the government. One might imagine that Zeitoun have lived in a third world country when all this had occurred, yet it happened right here in the United States of America. How to cite Zeitoun, Essay examples

Rise of the Superpowers (USA and USSR) Essay Example For Students

Rise of the Superpowers (USA and USSR) Essay Rise of the Superpowers (USA USSR) from events priorto and during WWII World War II: the process ofsuperpowerdom It is often wondered how the superpowersachieved their position of dominance. It seems that thematuring of the two superpowers, Russia and the UnitedStates, can be traced to World War II. To be asuperpower, a nation needs to have a strong economy, anoverpowering military, immense international political powerand, related to this, a strong national ideology. It was thiswar, and its results, that caused each of these superpowersto experience such a preponderance of power. Before thewar, both nations were fit to be described as great powers,but it would be erroneous to say that they were superpowersat that point. To understand how the second World Warimpacted these nations so greatly, we must examine thecauses of the war. The United States gained its strength inworld affairs from its status as an economic power. In theyears before the war, America was the worlds largestprodu cer. In the USSR at the same time, Stalin wasimplementing his five year plans to modernise the Sovieteconomy. From these situations, similar foreign policiesresulted from widely divergent origins. Rooseveltsisolationism emerged from the wide and prevalent domesticdesire to remain neutral in any international conflicts. Itcommonly widely believed that Americans entered the firstWorld War simply in order to save industrys capitalistinvestments in Europe. Whether this is the case or not,Roosevelt was forced to work with an inherently isolationistCongress, only expanding its horizons after the bombing ofPearl Harbour. He signed the Neutrality Act of 1935,making it illegal for the United States to ship arms to thebelligerents of any conflict. The act also stated thatbelligerents could buy only non-armaments from the US, andeven these were only to be bought with cash. In contrast,Stalin was by necessity interested in European affairs, butonly to the point of concern to the USSR. Russian f oreignpolicy was fundamentally Leninist in its concern to keep theUSSR out of war. Stalin wanted to consolidate Communistpower and modernise the countrys industry. The SovietUnion was committed to collective action for peace, as longas that commitment did not mean that the Soviet Unionwould take a brunt of a Nazi attack as a result. Examples ofthis can be seen in the Soviet Unions attempts to achieve amutual assistance treaty with Britain and France. Thesetreaties, however, were designed more to create security forthe West, as opposed to keeping all three signatories fromharm. At the same time, Stalin was attempting to polariseboth the Anglo-French, and the Axis powers against eachother. The important result of this was the Nazi-Sovietnon-aggression pact, which partitioned Poland, and allowedHitler to start the war. Another side-effect of his policy ofplaying both sides was that it caused incredible distrusttowards the Soviets from the Western powers after 1940. This was due in part to the fact that Stalin made severaldemands for both influence in the Dardanelles, and forBulgaria to be recognised as a Soviet dependant. The seedsof superpowerdom lie here however, in the late thirties. R.J. Overy has written that stability in Europe might have beenachieved through the existence of powers so strong that theycould impose their will on the whole of the internationalsystem, as has been the case since 1945. At the time,there was no power in the world that could achieve such afeat. Britain and France were in imperial decline, and moreconcerned about colonial economics than the stability ofEurope. Both imperial powers assumed that empire-buildingwould necessarily be an inevitable feature of the worldsystem. German aggression could have been stifled early hadthe imperial powers had acted in concert. The memories ofWorld War One however, were too powerful, and thegeneral public would not condone a military solution at thatpoint. The aggression of Germany, and to a lesser extent thatof Italy, can be explained by this decline of imperial power. .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 , .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 .postImageUrl , .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 , .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075:hover , .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075:visited , .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075:active { border:0!important; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075:active , .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075 .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua6927038cfead20a0d30793883199075:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay On Pride And PrejudiceThey were simply attempting to fill the power vacuum inEurope that Britain and France unwittingly left. After theeconomic crisis of the 1930s, Britain and France lost muchof their former international standingas the world marketsplummeted; so did their relative power. The two nationswere determined to maintain their status as great powershowever, without relying on the US or the USSR for supportof any kind. They went to war only because furtherappeasement would have only served to remove from themtheir

The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover Essay Example For Students

The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover Essay The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover When one thinks of the term propaganda, what comes to mind? Would it bring a positive response? Would it bring a negative response? When one thinks of propaganda in association with the Holocaust, what comes to mind? A positive response or a negative response? Most likely a negative response. Why is propaganda any different from what any political party or regime does, namely to disseminate its views? Is propaganda simply the name we give to views which we do not like or which we think to be untrue? And finally, was the role of propaganda in the Nazis assumption of power overstated? (Daniel Goldhagen, 1996) As many people who are learned in the field of the Holocaust will agree, propaganda played an extremely vital part in the Nazis rise to power, as well as their brain-washing of the German population into detesting all, of what they considered, heretics to the degree of accepting their murders. Validity of the accusations upon which they attempted to justify their action against the Jews was not an issue. The issue in this case was its power of persuasion. Although to achieve this goal the Nazi party deemed it necessary to monopolize the communications, media, and entertainment industries, Germany already had a strong anti-Semitic background. We will write a custom essay on The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now European anti-Semitism is an outgrowth of Christianity. Since the time of the Roman Empire, Christian leaders preached boundlessly against Jews. It escalated from generation to generation, for as long a the Jews rejected Jesus as their Messiah, the Jews challenged the whole belief system of Christianity. The idea that it was the Jews that killed their savior also evolved from that time period. Along those lines, the notion that all Jews of forever were responsible for Jesus death, for they approved of the crime, would have certainly done it again (according to the anti-Semitics), and had always rejected his teachings. As the Medieval period came, the Christians hatred for Jews further articulated and was brought to a new level. The Christians in the Medieval world saw Jews in twofold opposition to Christianity: they rejected his revelation and were his killers. In addition, church members had much detested the Jews on the basis that they should have accepted Jesus as their Messiah. Consequently, persecution and killing of the Jews became a part of everyday life, leaving many regions of Western Europe without any Jews by the end of the sixteenth century. Entering the nineteenth century, German anti-Semitism went through an acute transformation. It was then that it made its change from a religious issue, to a racial one. Germans naturally detested Jews, and with a passion. Nineteenth century Germans now saw Jews as the symbol for everything awry in their declining economy, even though they made up but a mere one percent of the population. Soon the cultural taboos that had formerly shaped the moral fabric of Germany at the time lost all influence. It was then that German anti-Semitism reached a high point: false, cruel, yet indisputable accusations. Prostitution, sexual degradation and depravity, and the sexual assaulting of unsuspecting German virgins are examples. The Germans also imagined Jew conducting ritual murders. By the time the Nazi party instituted totalitarian control, all that remained was to build on the framework provided by the nineteenth century. A framework which included anti-Semitism being common knowledge, Germans obsessive hatred toward Jews, the common belief of Jews being the reason for their collapsing economy, the belief of Jews being evil and a source of great harm. This new type of anti-Semitism was of a savage nature and a logic that it was necessary to rid Germany, along with the rest of the world, of Jews by whatever means necessary. Already having a foundation for their cause, all the Nazis had to do was execute their strategies. Even before gaining full control in January of 1933, they used all possible methods, and even introduced new forms of publicity, to get national attention and recognition. The Nazi party sponsored mass meetings and pageants, distributed all sorts of visual aids and propaganda, and assumed control of the radio and film industry. Once the Nazis gained control they used all the above means and more to strengthen their totalitarian control on the German population. By means of blatant false claims and accusations, the Nazis made untrue justifications for political and military aggression, as well as enthusiasm toward Nazi goals. Hitler knew how he had to manipulate propaganda to get positive results from the population. In his book, Mein Kampf, he wrote:To whom should propaganda be addressed? To the scientifically trained intelligentsia or to the less educated masses? It must be addressed always and solely to the masses. What the intelligentsianeed is not propaganda but scientific instruction. The content of propaganda is as far from being science as the object depicted in a poster is from being art. A posters art lies in the designers ability to capture the attention of the masses by form and color. The function of propaganda does not lie in the scientific training of the individual, but rather in directing the attention of the masses toward certain factsIt must be directed toward the emotions, and only to a very limited extent toward the so-called intellect. The receptive ability of the masses is very limited, their intelligence is small, their forgetfulness enormous. Therefore, all propaganda has to limit itself to a very few points and repeat them like slogans until even the very last man is able to understand what you want him to understand.And that is the basis upon which Hitler set up his whole campaign. He wanted to aim his propaganda crusade exclusively toward the masses. In doing so they would accept it as a decree. Furthermore, it was extremely important that the material exposed to the masses appeal to the interests of the majorities, and not address itself to just the intellect. Propaganda had to be popular and be geared in order for even the most simple-minded individuals to understand. Equally as important, was the necessity to give the people the conceptual truth, but really only spreading the information the leader wanted to disseminate. .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .postImageUrl , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:hover , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:visited , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:active { border:0!important; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:active , .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763 .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8e273349fcafed2a25416898c92cd763:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Deloitte normal anti-Semitism by giving the Jews the title of enemy of the common people. Two elements, hatred and racism, were integrated in propaganda to urge the population to find the importance of ridding Germany of the parasitic/blood-sucking Jew. In Hitlers view, anti-Semitism was a vital weapon in the propaganda enterprise. He insisted that wherever it is used, it has a huge effect, and refused to it disregarded as a political weapon. So began the obsessive anti-Semitic propaganda campaign of Nazi Germany. To achieve their goal, they began using all means of media. Early on, the Nazis began showing very anti-Semitic movies and shows, as did they air such programs o n the radio. They were now getting closer and closer to their goal of having the population detest to the Jews, to the point where the commonly seen distasteful episodes in Polish ghettos lead the people to accept the beating, killing, and liquidation of Jews. The Nazis even got international protests to subside. They aired movies exemplifying the pleasant conditions in the concentration camps. For example, the Nazis broadcasted scenes of a masquerade presented at the Theresienstadt camp. In recognition of the significant role propaganda was playing in the Nazis battle, the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium fr Volksaufklrung und Propaganda) was created on March 5, 1933. Headed by Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi expert in propaganda and a notoriously persuasive speaker, a new generation of radio, press, cinema, and arts manipulation was brought forth. Goebbles ran the department from an old palace which oversaw thirty-two other field offices. He recruited the brigh test, most intelligent young men he could find to work in his department. In the Nazis industrial takeover of Germany, the propaganda machine was then set up into seven different sections, each in charge of the a department:Anyone who produced, distributed, broadcasted, published, or sold any form of cinema, media, press, or literature had to first join one of the departments and then follow all rules of the department head. That person was usually Joseph Goebbles. Naturally, no Jews, non-Aryans, or any of Hitlers adversaries were not allowed to join. Thus, without a license to practice their businesses, all artists, writers, publishers, producers, or directors could not work or do any business in their field. Also along with those quotas, came the prohibition of all Jewish newspapers, radio, and cinema. Part of Hitlers master plan was to have his nation to become the most powerful country in the world; an Aryan nation, that is. Without a doubt, that requires more Aryans. As a part of this theory, the fuhrer, with much assistance form Goebbles, began a new campaign. This time, it was aimed at women. Hitler wanted to encourage good health and child birth among women. There were two things that constituted this: having women take on a nursing, house-wife role and for them to make time for activity, such as sports. However, it would not be easy to entice women to compromise on giving up what they considered to be a trim figure. Hitler needed to replace the traditional fit look for women with a more substantial motherly looking image (refer to doc. pic of woman)The World and the Jews, 1933-1945 84). Workers in the arts industry were urged to use such women in their work. Hitler even granted an award to any German woman who gave birth to six or more children. SS troops were given instructions to marry blond-haired, blue-eyed women who had not yet received the Reich sports award. The family life campaign soon branched off to another important issue, education. For if Germany were to be flooded with Aryan children they had to get the right education and to be taught by the right teachers: Nazi teachers. Therefore, the German school systems discharged all Jewish and non-Nazi teachers. At that point, 97% of the teachers in Germany belonged to the Nazi Teachers Association. Textbooks and childrens books, as well, had heavy military and anti-Semitic overtones. A modern bomber can carry 1,800 incendiaries. How long is the path along which it can distribute these bombs if it drops a bomb every second at a speed of 250 kilometers per hour? How far apart are the craters?Some childrens books even intimidated Nazi members, because they were so biased that they were horrifying. Perhaps the author that best exemplifies this was the notoriously relentless and obsessive anti-Semite, Julius Streicher. Born in Fleinhausen, Bavaria in 1885, Streicher was a German politician and journalist. He was one of the earliest and most extremist members of the Nazi party. In fact, he even participated in Hitlers 1923 rebellion. He is best known, though, for his notoriously rabid anti-Semitism displayed in his books and newspapers. Some of is works include The Poisonous Mushroom, a childrens book, and Der Strmer, a Nazi newspaper. While his works appalled even some Nazis, Hitler was intrigued by his skillful and amusing campaign. With the campaign aimed at children, the Nazis integrated both anti-Semitic ideo logy and encouraged children to join the Hitler Youth, for boys, and the League of German Girls, for girls. Indeed, the enrollment rate was very high, but the storm of children joining the two youth organizations were not all going for their hatred toward Jews. Rather, many saw it as a good opportunity to go camping, make friends (activities which the to organizations did, in fact, often do); in a way, the equivalent of our Boy/Girl Scouts of America Organization. .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .postImageUrl , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:hover , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:visited , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:active { border:0!important; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:active , .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f0b41ca3f0a201254fb8f1770ce9fbc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Modern Macbeth EssayBillboards, poster, leaflets, and flyers were everywhere. Some were aimed at the adult population, some at children. Most commonly, they were to urge the public to join Hitlers crusade, for there was a job and a place for everybody. The Nazis offered men jobs in Hitlers army. If they were inexperienced, they offered training camps, seminars, and classes, in which they were taught everything from military maneuvers to how to identify a Jew. As effective of the other forms of Nazi propaganda were, the best results came from the media: newspapers, radio, and film. Control of the media was the key to gaining control of the peoples minds. Joseph Goebbles took the first step to assuming full control of the news-wire services. He then merged the different wire-services into the German News Bureau. This allowed him to control the distribution of news at its source. Now that the Nazis had full control of the news circulation in Germany, they began making laws pertaining to it. For example, in 1933, Goebbles instituted the Editors Law. This stated that all newspapers had to go through his ministry. Accordingly, the editors were responsible for every picture and word in their publication, and if Goebbles did not like what was being printed, the editors would be punished. Although, they would most commonly lose their jobs, Goebbles, on occasion, would have the person sent to a concentration camp. His regulations on new circulation so limited the liberty of the reporter, that daily press conferences were often held. There, Goebbles would dictate what should be written in the article and how it should look. Unfortunately for t he Nazis, mu ch of the population of Germany stopped reading newspapers, altogether, for they already knew what would be written. Since Goebbles realized he could not brainwash the people just through the newspaper, he then took over radio communication. By making sure stores kept a plentiful stock of inexpensive radios, a record seventy percent of German families owned at least one radio. If in the event that a family did not own one, the Nazis encouraged gathering in groups at home, at work, and at eating places to listen to the broadcasts. With over a quarter of a typical days broadcasting time being reserved solely for Nazi propaganda, the people became very vulnerable to what they heard. To be sure not one person was without the privilege of listening to daily broadcastings, the Nazis had loud speakers installed all over the country. Goebbles also seized control of the cinemas. Still a fairly new concept, motion pictures were very popular among the Germans. The Nazis began making both movies and documentaries with extremely anti-Semitic messages. There were documentaries that were merely intended for the g lorification of the Nazis, while other were tasteless, explicit movies based on mere blatant lies and biases produced by the Nazis and other anti-Semitic organizations. Some were so anti-Semitic that the actors requested that a telegraph be sent out publicizing that they themselves were not really Jewish. Despite the horrifying motion-picture campaigning, countless numbers attended these films. By now, the German population was predominantly anti-Semitic. Stage one of the Nazis plan was done. However, Nazi missionaries began coming over to the United States. Although quickly deported, they left behind their ideas. Organizations such as the Christian Front and the German-American Bund were formed and strongly supported the Nazis. Newsletters and leaflets were being mass produced throughout the country. Luckily the majority of Americans retained their morals and acceptance of Jews. In their quest for both world and racial domination, the Nazis covered all possible territory/subject-ma tter, and all possible means of accomplishing their goal. They monopolized and strictly monitored all branches of the communications and media industry. By doing this, the Nazis only allowed the people to hear what they wanted them to hear, and nothing more. In the midst of a major economic depression, the German people were both vulnerable and desperate, and the unemployment rate was very high. Thus, many people had nothing else to do beside listen to the radio and read the newspaper. Naturally, there was no commercial or industrial market, almost everything fitting into those two categories was failing, so it was not difficult to take over. Hitlers plan was working very well. Reflecting on the manner in which the term propaganda is used in this paper, it could be understandable why one could see the word as a negative term. Even though the dictionary defines propaganda as publicity to either further or damage ones cause, I am unable to picture myself defining Hitlers publicity scheme as merely marketing, promotion, or advertising. Rather, I see it as a disgusting form of disinformation (See, p. 1). In conclusion, even though the word, propaganda, can be used in reference to either positive or negative campaigning, it is how we have come to, most often, identify ideology which we do not approve of or think not to be true. Bibliography:

20 Division Essay Topics Hot Ideas about the Area of Remote Sensing

20 Division Essay Topics Hot Ideas about the Area of Remote Sensing Previously, we discussed 10 facts for a division essay on remote sensing and earth science. We are certain that those facts helped you understand what remote sensing really is, and you are in a position to use them to come up with your essay on the topic. To make things easier, we have also covered 20 relevant topics which you can choose and start writing on. These topics are correlated with facts so it would be easier for you to compose an essay quickly and effortlessly. We also recommend you to read our final guide i.e. how to write a division essay on remote sensing and earth science before you start composing the essay yourself. This final guide will help you pinpoint the techniques and methodologies that will help you beautify your essay and make it exemplary. We assure you that if you read and follow all the guides we have written for you, your professor will be very pleased with your work. With that being said, here are the 20 topics on remote sensing and earth science: An Overview on the History of Remote Sensing Technology The Correlation between Remote Sensing and Earth Science The Reader’s Advantage to Understanding Remote Sensing and Earth Science Differentiation between Active and Passive Remote Sensing System The Dynamic Upsurge of Remote Sensing along with GPS, GIS and Photogrammetry The Principles of Remote Sensing – A Short Division Essay on Earth Science The Variety of Contemporary Mapping Technologies i.e. Remote Sensors What’s Digital Video Imagery and is it Utilized in Remote Sensing Technology? How Remote Scanners Operate to Capture Information in Digital Form A Division Essay on the Variety of Active/Passive Remote Sensors Used Today How a Video Camera Can Be Used as a Passive Remote Sensor in an Aircraft Passive Sensors that Capture the Reflected or Emitted Energy Intensity The Reflectance Characteristics of Earth’s Cover Types The Interaction of the Atmosphere with Remote Sensors and its Effects A Division Essay on the Physical Processes of Solar Energy Modification The Use of Remote Sensing for the Treaty Verification Guidance Penetration A Division Essay on LIDAR Systems, its Operations and its Interfaced Systems The Forward Looking Infrared Remote Sensor and its Uses in Earth Science The Interaction of EMR (a Remote Sensor) with Earth Surface The Principal Divisions of Electromagnetic System and its Utilization in Earth Science and Remote Sensing Technology Now you have the topics from which you can choose and start writing immediately. Oh, but don’t forget to have a look at the sample essay we’ve written below. This essay would hint you on how to write a short essay. Of course, you can lengthen it as much as you want but taking a look into this essay would make it easier for you to write. Sample Essay: The History of Remote Sensing Technology A multi-disciplinary science is basically what we call remote sensing technology. It has a combination of disciplines that include but are not limited to: photography, electronics, computer, optics, spectroscopy, satellite launching, telecommunication etc. These technologies work as a system in whole, which is known as remote sensing system. But when did it all start? How did it progress and what kind of categories were divided to make this technology what it is today? All of these questions are answered below. Firstly, you should know that it all started in 1859, when Gaspard Tournachon shot a photograph, an oblique one, of a small village adjacent to Paris. But this photograph was not taken by hands, instead, it was taken from the view of a balloon giving it   different perspective. This picture is what led to the era of observing earth which then later divided into subsections remote sensing being one of the main aspects of earth science. People, from all over the world, then started to follow what Tournachon did. In fact, the U.S. Army utilized this balloon photography in 1983, during the Civil War. The oblique photography played a large role in revealing the defensive positions that took place in Virginia. The revelation of defensive position, before this kind of methodology, was very difficult as a number of army spies had to go through the enemy territory to get details, then come back to provide those details to their team. Due to the success of this method that Gaspard T. invented, the development and the use of aerial photography started to grow rapidly. This was then applied in airborne vehicles, such as aircrafts etc. The development rapidly grew larger and large. It dominated the United States and then later, it was also being developed in Europe. During the World War I, aeroplanes were used as a means of scanning the enemy territory by photo reconnaissance. These aircrafts proved to be more reliable and more stable than balloons providing armies a chance to observe neatly. Once the World War I ended, civilians started to take aerial photos. They used it in the field of forestry, agriculture, geology and cartography. Due to the developments between World War I and World War II, the cameras improved drastically. Variety of films as well as interpretation equipment was improved to the next level. However, the most significant development process took place during World War II especially aerial photography and photo interpretation. During these times, new technologies such as near-infrared photography, thermal-infrared photography and imaging radar etc., were developed and utilized in nighttime bombing. They were also used to reveal camouflaged soldiers, changing the landscape of how wars were progressed. Once the World War II ended, the development of these technologies continued and for far more better purposes. For example, CIR (Color Infrared Radar) photography was a great tool which was utilized in plant sciences and it is still used today, with major improvements of course. In 1956, Cowell used CIR and classified the vegetation types. It also helped reveal which vegetation was damaged, stress or infected.   It also proved to be useful in the recognition of vegetation types. After the 1950s, more significant progress in the development of radar technology was achieved. Now, remote sensing has become a big part of space exploration, underwater discoveries and so on and so forth. By reading this essay, we’re sure that you must have realized how easy division essay writing can be if you know how it’s composed and outlined. To make things more easier, we have stated the methodologies in our final guide, which is how to write an on remote sensing and earth science. Be sure to check that out. If you haven’t read our first guide, which is; 10 facts for division essay on remote sensing and earth science, you should go read that first. It’s highly recommend you do that before you start writing. References: Joseph, G. 1996. Imaging Sensors. Remote Sensing Reviews, 13: 257-342. Campbell, J.B. 1996. Introduction to Remote Sensing. Taylor Francis, London. Sabins, F.F. 1997. Remote Sensing and Principles and Image Interpretation. WH Freeman, NY. Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R. W., Chipman, J. (2014). Remote sensing and image interpretation. John Wiley Sons. Jensen, J. R. (2009). Remote sensing of the environment: An earth resource perspective 2/e. Pearson Education India. Blaschke, T. (2010). Object based image analysis for remote sensing. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, 65(1), 2-16. Lefsky, M. A., Cohen, W. B., Parker, G. G., Harding, D. J. (2002). Lidar Remote Sensing for Ecosystem Studies Lidar, an emerging remote sensing technology that directly measures the three-dimensional distribution of plant canopies, can accurately estimate vegetation structural attributes and should be of particular interest to forest, landscape, and global ecologists. BioScience, 52(1), 19-30.

5 Reasons People Fail the Bar Exam

5 Reasons People Fail the Bar Exam According to Law.com, nearly one-quarter of all those who took the bar exam- 24.9 percent to be exact- failed the test in 2017, the latest year for which figures are available. But Karen Sloan, writing on the legal information website, notes that as many as 36 percent failed the exam in Mississippi, making it the state with the largest failure rate, and nearly 60 percent did not pass in Puerto Rico. There are five key reasons why so many test takers fail to pass the bar exam each year. Learning to avoid these pitfalls may help you pass this all-important test. They Tried to Learn Every Detail of the Law The bar exam requires minimum competency knowledge of the law. However, many test takers are overwhelmed at the amount of material they need to study. So they try to study as they did in law school, learning every nuance and every detail. This usually results in hours of listening to audio lectures and making flash cards or outlines but very little time actually reviewing the heavily tested areas of the law. Getting buried in the details can actually hurt your chances of passing the exam. You are required to know a little about a lot of the law, not a lot about a little. If you concentrate on the minutiae, you won’t know the heavily tested areas of the law on the exam and that may put you at risk of failing. They Failed to Practice and Seek Feedback Many students find they don’t have time to practice. This is a problem because practice is particularly important when studying for the bar exam. For example, California requires applicants to take a performance test as part of the bar exam, as do many other states. The State Bar of California notes that the performance test is designed to evaluate test takers: ...ability to handle a select number of legal authorities in the context of a factual problem involving a client. Yet students often scrimp on practicing for this difficult part of the exam, even though past performance tests are available for free online. Essays are also an integral part of bar exams in most states. So, its important to practice this part of the test, and its simple (and free) to access sample exam questions. The New York State Board of Law Examiners, for example, offers essay questions with sample candidate answers for free download from bar exams as recent as February 2018. If you are a bar exam candidate, it behooves you to access such free questions, familiarize yourself with the material, and practice writing essays or grappling with performance test scenarios. Once you practice, compare your answers to the sample answers, rewrite sections if necessary, and self-evaluate your work. Also, if your bar exam review program offers you feedback, turn in all possible assignments and be sure to get as much feedback as possible. You can even hire a bar exam tutor to help you with this. They Ignored the MBE Most bar tests include a Multistate Bar Examination, a standardized bar test created by the National Conference of Bar Examiners, which is administered to applicants taking the bar in nearly all states nationwide. Yet, as with sample performance tests and sample essay questions, its easy to obtain actual- and, again, free- MBE questions from past bar exams, says JD Advising, a bar exam tutoring and preparation firm. Ashley Heidemann writing on the JD Advising website says that its important to practice with real MBE questions because they are written in a very specific style. Though her firm does charge a fee for MBE questions, it also offers free tips on how to pass the MBE. The National Conference of Bar Examiners also offers free MBE questions from previous tests. Indeed, the nonprofit NCBE is a great resource for preparing for all aspects of the bar, regardless of the state where you plan to take the test. The group even offers a Comprehensive Guide to Bar Admission Requirements for $15 as of 2018. Its not free, but considering the importance of passing the bar, it would likely be well worth the money for any bar exam candidate- especially since the NCBE developed and distributes the MBE. They Did not Take Care of Themselves Students who take terrible care of themselves- thus, putting themselves at risk of sickness, added anxiety, burnout, and inability to focus- often have difficulty passing the exam. Sure, this isn’t a time to start a new diet and/or workout regimen, but you won’t do well on exam day if you are tired, bleary-eyed, stressed out, and hungry because you haven’t been taking good care of yourself or didn’t eat properly. The condition of your physical body is a major element of bar exam success, says Bar Exam Toolbox. They Engaged in Self-Sabotaging Behavior This kind of behavior can come in many different forms: You might agree to volunteer for a time-consuming summer program, and as a result, lack adequate time to study. You might spend too much time online or socializing with friends instead of spending quality hours studying. You could pick fights with your significant other leaving you too emotionally drained to study. Bar Exam Toolbox offers a host of tips for mentally preparing for the exam, including how to streamline your bar exam prep, choose a bar exam preparation course (if you decide to take that route), or assess whether you need help studying for the exam if you are taking it for the first time. Remember, you want to take this exam only once: Do everything you can to focus and stay on track with your bar exam preparation.

How does the loss of Kates parents affect Kates values and faith Essay

How does the loss of Kates parents affect Kates values and faith - Essay Example However, this passion for learning is matched by an equally strong iron clad sense of duty. This is the conflict that plays out in Kate’s brother Matt’s life where his sense of duty clashes with his love of learning and aborts his plans in the academic field. As a result, it is Kate who goes on to acquire the learning and become a biologist at Toronto – it is Kate who has the chance to spread her wings and leave Crow Lake, which leaves her with a strong feeling of guilt, since it was her brother Matt who should have been the one to achieve that. It was her brother Matt who was the real scholar of the family, who had a bright future before him as an academic, however the death of their parents forces him to take up farming jobs that ultimately makes him sacrifice his literary aspirations in order to end up becoming a menial farmer. While learning has been the valued goal in the family, the death of their parents is a tragic event for the four brothers and sisters. It is especially difficult for Kate to reconcile her bitterness and inner trauma at the death of her parents, because she feels that it is the direct cause that brought hardship on the family and made it difficult for Matt to be able to pursue his education. The suddenness of the event is a feature that adds to the trauma and shock that Kate feels at the death of her parents. She provides a foretaste of the ominous nature of the day as follows:â€Å"But for our family, there was an event that summer catastrophic enough to be the start of practically everything.† (Lawson 6). This catastrophic event she refers to is none other than her parents’ death, which ironically occurs just after the family has received some glad news. The eldest brother Luke has been accepted as a teacher at a nearby town and this is not only a joyful event but also a surprising one, because it is Matt who is the intelligent one of the family, acknowledged as the one to follow in the footsteps of

To what extent have feminist ideas influenced policy making since 1965 Essay

To what extent have feminist ideas influenced policy making since 1965 Critically discuss with reference to ONE of the followin - Essay Example While the first wave of feminism was primarily concerned with formal political rights, the second generation of feminist thinkers laid the emphasis on the issues of workplace and marital equality, as well as those of women’s representation in public agencies. This had an important impact on further policy making. National Organization of Women and the Struggle for Women’s Rights. While the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was founded in 1965 in order to combat the gender discriminatory practices in the sphere of employment, its activity was judged to be unsatisfactory by many activists of women’s movement. In 1966, liberal feminists led by Betty Friedan, a celebrated author of The Feminine Mystique, formed the National Organization for Women (NOW) that aimed at integrating women â€Å"into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, assuming all privileges and responsibilities...in truly equal partnership with men† (qtd . in Thornham 25). The foundation of NOW was caused by repeated refusal of the EEOC officials to seriously confront the prevalent discriminatory practices in the labour relations (Banks 212). ... Constitution (Harrison 198). The activities of NOW mainly concentrated on creating publicity for the organisation, which was expressed through pickets and other public demonstrations, and on lobbying political establishment, including the Presidency. Nevertheless, their actions eventually proved rather fruitful for the further development of women’s movement and the adoption of equality legislation. The first influence of feminist movement on equal opportunities policies in the USA after 1965 may be traced in the controversy surrounding the inclusion of provision on sex discrimination in Executive Order 11246, which aimed at creating affirmative action programmes for racial minorities. As the 1964 Civil Rights Act had already provided for prevention of sexual discrimination in employment, the omission of sex discrimination clause in that Executive Order was regarded as an expression of neglect for the needs of women. Consequently, the efforts of several women’s organisa tions, including the National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs and Federal Women’s Award Study Group, led to the inclusion of the provision against sex discrimination in the text of Executive Order in October 1967, with the NOW leadership asserting that it was a victory for their ideas (Harrison 202). Later on, NOW repeatedly clashed with the EEOC apparatus with regard to protective labour legislation. In 1967 EEOC was forced to back away from its previous non-interventionist attitude on such issues as labour rights for female workers and age and marital status discrimination at the workplace, with air flight companies being the

History of American football Essay Example for Free

History of American football Essay Even though football is an American game its origins came from villages and schools in Europe for many centuries before America was even settled by Europeans. They played in the streets and oddly used a lemon as their ball. Soon many universities started creating their own teams and competing against each other. It took awhile, however, because it was a very rough and violent game so many colleges banned the game. Walter Camp is considered to be the â€Å"Father of American football†. He is widely considered to be the most important figure in the development of the game. When he was young, he excelled in sports like track, baseball, and soccer, and after enrolling at Yale in 1876, he earned varsity honors in every sport the school offered. Camp joined the Massasoit House conventions where rules were debated and changed. He proposed his first rule change at the first meeting he attended in 1878. His idea was for there to be a reduction from fifteen players to eleven. The motion was rejected at that time but later passed in 1880. The effect was to open up the game and emphasize speed over strength. Camps most famous change, the establishment of the line of scrimmage and the snap from center to quarterback, was also passed in 1880. Originally, the snap was executed with the foot of the center. Later changes made it possible to snap the ball with the hands, either through the air or by a direct hand-to-hand pass. Camps new scrimmage rules revolutionized the game, though not always as intended. Princeton, in particular, used scrimmage play to slow the game, making very slow progress towards the end zone during each down. Rather than increase scoring, which had been Camps original intent, the rule was exploited to maintain control of the ball for the entire game, resulting in slow, unexciting contests. At the 1882 rules meeting, Camp proposed that a team be required to advance the ball a minimum of five yards within three downs. These down-and-distance rules, combined with the establishment of the line of scrimmage, transformed the game from a variation of rugby or soccer into the distinct sport of American football Camp was central to several more significant rule changes that make the American football we know today. In 1881, the field was reduced in size to its modern dimensions of 120 by 53? yards. Several times in 1883, Camp changed the scoring rules, finally arriving at four points for a touchdown, two points for kicks after touchdowns, two points for safeties, and five for field goals. In 1887, game time was set at two halves of 45 minutes each. Also in 1887, two paid officials, a referee and an umpire, were required for each game. A year later, the rules were changed to allow tackling below the waist, and in 1889, the officials were given whistles and stopwatches.

The Character of Lady Macbeth :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

The Character of Lady Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The character of Lady Macbeth is a complex one, there is much that can be said regarding the juxtaposition of ideas concerning her behavior. Within this essay I shall attempt to elaborate on her forceful, selfish and contradictory character. Samuel Johnson within ‘The Plays of Shakespeare’ highlights how ambition of a protagonist leads to detestation on the part of the readers: Or in other words an ambitious nature can be used as a tool by the playwright to produce a sense of loathing and dislike amongst the audience.   The dangers presented by ambition are well described; In Shakespeare's time, it was necessary to warn credulity against vain and illusive predictions. These passions are directed to their true end. Lady Macbeth is merely detested; and though the courage of Macbeth preserves some esteem, yet every reader rejoices at his fall. (133) In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons comments on the Lady's cold manner:   [Macbeth] announces the King's approach; and she, insensible it should seem to all the perils which he has encountered in battle, and to all the happiness of his safe return to her, -- for not one kind word of greeting or congratulations does she offer, -- is so entirely swallowed up by the horrible design, which has probably been suggested to her by his letters, as to have forgotten both the one and the other. (56)   In his book, ‘On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy’, H. S. Wilson describes the role of Lady Macbeth: ‘Professor Kittredge used to point out to his classes that Lady Macbeth, in urging Macbeth to act, uses the three arguments that every wife, some time or other, uses to every husband: "You promised me you'd do it!" "You'd do it if you loved me!" "If I were a man, I'd do it myself!" But Macbeth's mind is made up by her assurance that they may do it safely by fixing the guilt upon Duncan's chamberlains. (72)’   L.C. Knights in the essay "Macbeth" describes the unnaturalness of Lady Macbeth's words and actions:   Ã¢â‚¬ËœThus the sense of the unnaturalness of evil is evoked not only be repeated explicit references ("nature's mischief," "nature seems dead," " 'Tis unnatural, even like the deed that's done," and so on) but by the expression of unnatural sentiments and an unnatural violence of tone in such things as Lady Macbeth's invocation of the "spirits" who will "unsex" her, and her affirmation that she would murder the babe at her breast if she had sworn to do it.

Civil War: Myths vs Facts

There has always been a number of circulating myths about the American Civil War. We need to dig deep and find out if these myths are true. Did the South HATE black people? Did Robert E. Lee hate America? Was the civil war all about slavery? Did the South start the civil war? All of these myths are to be revealed. Supposedly the Southern people were the only Americans that enslaved black people. They tortured, beat, and starved them. According to research, a slave in today’s modern world, would cost anywhere from $100,000-$200,000. Why would a slave owner waste that much money and something they would treat as a rag doll? In many cases slaves were treated as part of the family. The North also had slaves, not just the South. In the North, everything was supposedly free and had choices. The North technically did not own slaves, but they were people in the North that owed them things. These people were called indentured servants. These indentured servants were not all of African race either. They were to be released over a stated time. This myth came to be because basically whichever side won the war; they would blame the opposing side. Was Robert E. Lee a horrible man? Did he hate American with a passion? The answer to this is false. Robert E. Lee did not ever even own a single slave. He was very strong in his passion with the Confederate States of America. He lived in the state of Virginia and said he would never leave them in any hard times. In saying this, he joined the South in the American Civil War. He loved America, but did not like the injustice the South was being shown. His home of Arlington was turned into a war cemetery. Present day, it is known as Arlington National Cemetery. This was initially a cemetery for Union Soldiers. How could the entire war be about slavery? The war lasted 5 years, 1861-1865. The Emancipation Proclamation was put into effect in 1863. What could the war have been about for the last two years? The Civil War was fought because of Northern oppression. The South began to go bankrupt because the North was taxing the South very heavily, and the South was not as industrialized as the North. Slavery was an issue, but because the South was not industrialized. The South was just using what they had for resources. The slaves were their resources. There has been a myth that says that the South started the war. This is actually somewhat true, but not totally true. The South decided that it did not want be part of the United States of American anymore. It simply seceded. The North still had some forts located in the South though. Fort Sumter most notably was attacked by Southern soldiers because the South felt threatened by what could have been dangerous people from the North. The South was forced into battle because the North had sent a transport ship of supplies. The South defended itself because it had to protect itself from the transport ships and the Northern soldiers at Fort Sumter. The truth about all of these myths is revealed not by proof of Northern history, or Southern history, but of American History. Just because the North won, does not mean everything that they write and publish is true. There are many newspapers, letters, and diaries depicting significant events that reveal the truths of many other myths as well. The truth of these myths comes from the history that actually happened.

Understanding AIDS and the Concept of Collective Effort (AIDS: A Bird’s Eye View)

Over the years, AIDS has been one of the most prevalent health problems worldwide. Various efforts by different organizations is being undertaken in order to arrest the disease’s continuous spread. However, given the complex nature of AIDS the whole world is left with more serious problems, which if not given proper attention and care may aggravate further the safety of the people.For the purpose of this paper, the author aims to discuss the nature of AIDS as a disease. Likewise, it is also the objective of the author to illustrate how the disease understudy can become a serious threat to an individual’s health as well as discuss how the occurrence of AIDS can be prevented if not minimized.What is AIDS?According to various lexicons, AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a health problem caused by a virus commonly known as HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (NIAD, 2005). AIDS is actually considered a result of severe HIV infection. Hence, ot her references regard AIDS as the advance stage of HIV infection (NIAD, 2005).How does an individual acquire AIDS?AIDS and or HIV infection may be acquired by an individual in a number ways. Below are some examples of how AIDS or HIV is transmitted from one individual to another:1.    Blood Transfusion – during those years when techniques to easily detect HIV in the blood of a donor is not yet known, the recipient of the blood donor easily acquires HIV infection due to the transfer of infected blood.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contaminated needles, syringes, etc.- the use or sharing of medical instruments such as needles and syringes that have been used to extract blood   from an individual with HIV infection also contributes to the spread of the disease.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sexual Intercourse – engaging in unprotected sex can also cause an individual to acquire HIV infection or AIDS. HIV penetrates the lining the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or the mouth.4.  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Breast Feeding- Mothers who has the infection can easily transmit the virus to its new born my means of breast feeding.Once HIV enters the body of an individual, it directly attacks the immune system of the human body. The AIDS- causing virus, once it enters the human body, disguises itself as an antibody- producing cell.It continues to attack the immune system until such time that the body can no longer produce an antibody to counter the disguised cells. This is made possible by the failure of the immune system to distinguish an antibody from the virus.Thus causing an HIV infected person to progressively weaken. Some of the symptoms exhibited by a person with HIV infections and or AIDS are as follows (Lecture Notes in Health Science IV):a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Feverb.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Headachec.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of energyd.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enlarged lymph nodese.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Weight Lossf.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Short-term memory LossAdd ressing AIDS is a Collective EffortTaking into account the nature of HIV and the numerous ways it can be acquired by an individual, it cannot be gainsaid that the only way to prevent if not minimize the occurrence of AIDS-related cases is by means of refraining oneself from engaging in risky activities such as unprotected sex and by always observing proper personal hygiene.Addressing the spread of AIDS is actually a collective effort. It is necessary and imperative for each and every individual to become extra careful with things so as not to further aggravate the continuous spread of AIDS especially that there is no vaccine available in the market yet to readily curtail the spread of this pandemic disease.ReferencesJASMS-PWU. Lecture Notes in Health Science IV (1993).National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. HIV Infection and AIDS. Retrieved February 19, 2007 from the NIAID Website: http://niaid.nih.gov.

Free Essays on Hinuism Vs Budhism

Hinduism vs. Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism are two very major religions. They share very many similarities and differences. Although Buddhism has a whole new meaning without gods, it is based on Hinduism. Hinduism is the oldest known religion and is very rich with literally hundreds of gods, symbolist rituals and beliefs. It is believed to have been established around 1500 B.C. but no one person founded Hinduism as it evolved over a long period of time. Buddhism on the other hand has a definite founder, Siddhartha Gautama who is otherwise known as the Buddha or Enlightened One who lived from 565 to 483 B.C. Both these religions originated in India. Siddhartha Gautama was a Hindu who found Hindu theology lacking and after years of searching for truth created a religion now known as Buddhism. Because of these basic similarities, the two religions have much in common, but in the same light they are very different. The concept of a god or gods in Buddhism is almost void and therefore in the eyes of some not even a religion. Hindus have many gods governing different aspects of Hindu life. The three main gods in Hinduism are Vishnu who is the sustainer; Brahma is the creator and Shiv! a the destroyer, commonly referred to as Trimuti. Most Hindu gods are associated with animals and therefore Hindus feel that being a vegetarian is vital. Cows are sacred in Hinduism and are worshipped as the divine mother, making eating beef taboo. Buddhism involves meditation and prayer. In Buddhism, one must understand the four noble truths and accordingly follow the Eightfold path that describes the ways in which one must live. Hindu scriptures advocate the pursuit of many goals in ones life including righteous living, wealth, prosperity, love and happiness. The ultimate goal is to achieve Nirvana. There are many similarities and differences between Hinduism and Buddhism. In Buddhism the place of women is an inferior one that stems from traditio... Free Essays on Hinuism Vs Budhism Free Essays on Hinuism Vs Budhism Hinduism vs. Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism are two very major religions. They share very many similarities and differences. Although Buddhism has a whole new meaning without gods, it is based on Hinduism. Hinduism is the oldest known religion and is very rich with literally hundreds of gods, symbolist rituals and beliefs. It is believed to have been established around 1500 B.C. but no one person founded Hinduism as it evolved over a long period of time. Buddhism on the other hand has a definite founder, Siddhartha Gautama who is otherwise known as the Buddha or Enlightened One who lived from 565 to 483 B.C. Both these religions originated in India. Siddhartha Gautama was a Hindu who found Hindu theology lacking and after years of searching for truth created a religion now known as Buddhism. Because of these basic similarities, the two religions have much in common, but in the same light they are very different. The concept of a god or gods in Buddhism is almost void and therefore in the eyes of some not even a religion. Hindus have many gods governing different aspects of Hindu life. The three main gods in Hinduism are Vishnu who is the sustainer; Brahma is the creator and Shiv! a the destroyer, commonly referred to as Trimuti. Most Hindu gods are associated with animals and therefore Hindus feel that being a vegetarian is vital. Cows are sacred in Hinduism and are worshipped as the divine mother, making eating beef taboo. Buddhism involves meditation and prayer. In Buddhism, one must understand the four noble truths and accordingly follow the Eightfold path that describes the ways in which one must live. Hindu scriptures advocate the pursuit of many goals in ones life including righteous living, wealth, prosperity, love and happiness. The ultimate goal is to achieve Nirvana. There are many similarities and differences between Hinduism and Buddhism. In Buddhism the place of women is an inferior one that stems from traditio...

Santiago Calatrava, Biography of the Architect Engineer

Santiago Calatrava, Biography of the Architect Engineer Famous for his bridges and train stations, Spanish modernist Santiago Calatrava (born July 28, 1951) combines artistry with engineering. His graceful, organic structures have been compared to the works of Antonio Gaudà ­. Fast Facts: Santiago Calatrava Known For: Spanish architect, structural engineer, sculptor and painter, particularly known for his bridges supported by single leaning pylons as well as his railway stations, stadiums, and museums, whose sculptural forms often resemble living organisms.Born: July 28, 1951Education: Valencia Arts School, Valencia Architecture School (Spain), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, SwitzerlandAwards and Honors: London Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal, Toronto Municipality Urban Design Award, Gold Medal for Excellence in the Fine Arts from the Granada Ministry of Culture, Prince of Asturias Award in Arts, AIA Gold Medal, Spanish National Architecture Award Important Projects 1989-1992: Alamillo Bridge, Seville, Spain1991: Montjuic Communications Tower, at the 1992 Olympic site in Barcelona, Spain1996: City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia, Spain1998: Gare do Oriente Station, Lisbon, Portugal2001: Milwaukee Art Museum, Quadracci Pavilion, Milwaukee, Wisconsin2003: Ysios Wine Estate Laguardia, Spain2003: Tenerife Concert Hall in Santa Cruz, Tenerife, Canary Islands2004: Olympic Sports Complex, Athens, Greece2005: The Turning Torso, Malmà ¶, Sweden2009: Train Station, Lià ¨ge, Belgium2012: Margaret McDermott Bridge, Trinity River Corridor Bridges, Dallas, Texas2014: Innovation, Science and Technology (IST) Building, Lakeland, Florida2015: Museu do Amanh (The Museum of Tomorrow), Rio de Janeiro2016: World Trade Center Transportation Hub, New York City Career Highlights A renowned architect, engineer, and sculptor, Santiago Calatrava received an AIA commemorative gold medallion in 2012 as one of the 15 Architects of Healing for his transportation hub design, the new train and subway station at the World Trade Center site in New York City. Calling Calatravas work open and organic, the New York Times declared that the new terminal would evoke the kind of uplifting spirituality that is needed on Ground Zero. Santiago Calatrava is not without his critics. In the world of architecture, Calatrava is typecast as more of an arrogant engineer than a designer. The vision of his aesthetics is often not well-communicated, or perhaps is absent from his designs. More importantly, perhaps, is his well-known reputation of unsupervised workmanship and cost overruns. Many of his projects have ended up in various legal systems as expensive buildings seem to deteriorate quickly into disrepair. It is hard to find a Calatrava project that has not been significantly over budget, reports The New York Times. And complaints abound that he is indifferent to the needs of his clients. Rightfully or not, Calatrava has been placed in the starchitect category, with all of its associated back-biting and egotism. Sources Santiago Calatrava Official Site Santiago Calatrava (unofficial web site)Santiago Calatrava: The Worlds Most Hated Architect? by Karrie Jacobs, Fast Company Design, December 18, 2014Santiago Calatrava, from the Canary Islands to Manhattan Island by Fred A. Bernstein, published in The New York Times, October 26, 2003Its the Architecture, Not The Architect, Im Rooting For by Fred A. Bernstein, published in Architectural Record, December 2013Santiago Calatrava The Bridges by Alexander Tzonis and Rebeca Caso Donadei, 2005Santiago Calatrava: Complete Works, Expanded Edition by Alexander Tzonis, Rizzoli, 2007Transit Hub Design May Be Simplified Analysis of plans for reconstruction in New York City, from the New York Times. A Star Architect Leaves Some Clients Fuming by Suzanne Daley, The New York Times, September 24, 2013

Stock control and recording Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Stock control and recording - Literature review Example The following literature review includes the various books, articles and journals to explore the research topic of stock control and recording (Hart 2006). Operations management Operations management can be described as the area of management study that dealt with concepts of design engineering, management information system, industrial engineering, production management, quality management, accounting, and inventory management to facilitate the function of planning, scheduling, use and control of service organization as well as of manufacturing organization. In simpler terms, operations management is a process of converting inputs such as information, labor, material into the outputs in the form of goods and services. Also, in this process efforts are made to minimize the cost and maximize the net operating profit. Thus, highest level of efficiency is achieved by administration of business practices through operations management. Along with this, resources are acquired, developed an d utilized to achieve the organizational objectives (Shim and Siegel 1999). All functions of operation, tactical and strategic level are included in the range of the operational management. Thus, operations management includes the issues related with production scheduling and control, equipment maintenance policies, inventory management, traffic and material handling and quality control and inspection (Lewis and Slack 2003). Process mapping/flow charting/value stream mapping Process mapping is also known as flow charting, value stream mapping and process charting. It is a technique of converting business workflow and processes in to step-by-step diagram and visual. It has been complimented as one of the oldest and most valuable techniques for streamlining work. This technique can provide best results if used by experienced facilitators. An existing process can be understood in a better manner as well as can be improved. Thus, the main benefit as well as the objective of the process mapping is improving the business result. The diagram of process mapping defines all the aspects related with organization like business of the organization, responsible people of the organization, what is the standard of the process and how success of a business determined (Bicheno and Elliot 1997). Thus, it clarifies all the requirements of the internal business process. Process mapping is important to get control over the organization as it helps in developing an understanding in the basic processes of business. In the procedure of process mapping, process map is achieved as output. Thus, it is the final diagram with all the shapes of arrows and ovals which depicts the process from beginning to end. Each action within a process is depicted by each shape. Creating a process map requires through understanding of every step within the process such as resources, inputs and outputs. Inputs are gathered from the employees who are closest to the process (Bettley, Mayle and Tantoush 2005 ). Along with this, other techniques are also used to gather the inputs or information like surveys, observation and brainstorming. Furthermore, there are different shapes which are used to form a process map. For example, a rectangle is used to represent action step, cylinder represents databases whereas parallelograms represents inputs and outputs (Madison 2005). Then, different steps are followed to construct a process map, which are as follows: Step 1: Determination of Boundaries which specifies where

The significant works of E.E. Cummings Research Paper

The significant works of E.E. Cummings - Research Paper Example His personal story reflected in poems such as number 34 about his father and All in green went my love riding, which relates his relationship to the female sex. He is best remembered, however, for his avant-guarde use of language Near the end of his life, Cummings wrote little i, a poem that looked back to his childhood and in a few short lines expressed the memory of a child from the point of view of his childhood home. He wrote â€Å"who are you little i/(five or six years old)/peering from some high/window; at the gold/of November sunset† (Reef, 1). Cummings began his relationship with poetry at a young age. His mother wrote poetry and encouraged her son to jot down his ideas and thoughts and put them into poetic form. Cummings once said â€Å"I did not decide to become a poet- I was always writing poetry† (Reef 5). Poetry was a part of his life from such a young age that he never knew a time when he was not writing and his prolific list of work reveals the depth to which the art form allowed for his expression Cummings, who is known for using lower case letters in spite of grammatical correctness, is also known for his overt sentimentality. His poem number 34 from his 50 Poems expresses his love for his father who had died in a car accident in 1926. The first stanza, ‘my father moved through dooms of love/through sames of am through haves of give,/singing each morning out of each night/my father moved through depths of height† (Bloom 10). This work, however sentimental, does reveal the differences between himself and his father. His father is characterized as open and loving, an attachment to the divine love that was lacking in the emotional sphere of Cummings who was more comfortable in isolation, his experience in life leaving him with the difficulty of love and the realities of death. He writes in the work â€Å"though dull were all we taste as bright/ bitter all utterly things sweet,/maggoty minus and dumb death/all we inherit . All bequeath/† as a discussion of the inevitability of death making all that is sweet in life have a bit of bitterness as it will pass into the oblivion of death. In his poem All in Green Went My Love Riding, the predatory nature of the female can be observed through the construction of the phrasing, coupled with the last line that suggests that more than once he had fallen to the hunt of a woman. Cora Robey states that â€Å"Cummings borrows from the Classic and Medieval past and evokes the method of the Pre-Raphaelite poets in exploring his theme: the lover’s vision of feminine cruelty† (Robey 23). Cummings uses imagery such as â€Å"the famished arrows† in order to continue the underlying theme of the cruelty of the exercise. The hunt is wrapped in beautiful concepts such as â€Å"the great horse of gold/into the silver dawn† which envelops the hunt in visual beauty, the emotional content rife with the fear of the consummation of that hunt - th at the speaker will fall to the wiles, his desire to do so as much apparent as his realization that he will ‘die’ from the experience (Lehman 393). In experimenting with language, Cummings used simple language and turned the sentence structure, juxtaposing the combinations in order to create interesting and unexpected relationships between them (Kidder and Oppenheim 79). In his poem, may i feel said he, Cummings explores a sexual interlude using very simple language the grinds like wheel over and over, the syntax

Compare and contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compare and contrast - Research Paper Example Consequently, the two stories may present a conflict that exists between two parties but also express some differences in the cause, plot, setting, and resolution of the existing conflict. Plot and Themes In the story, ‘punishment’, the theme that is brought out in terms of multifaceted human interrelations and behaviors is the theme of women oppression. The author aims at enlightening the position of women in the society in relation to social issues and the sacrifices they have to take to put the point to the society. The two women puts it clearly in the storyline that they are against their husbands commands on their life. The storyline seeks to open the women’s eyes to freedom from oppressive men regardless of the price whereby Chandara is determined to die rather than marrying a man the she knew would have authority of her life. Furthermore, the two women, Radha and Chandara, have a fierce relationships and the author indicates that the two spent most of their time fighting despite their close family relationship ties. Surprisingly, Dukhiram kills his wife Radha after a quarrel but the information given to the authorities is very different whereby the brother to Dukhiram inflicts his wife Chandara as the suspect in favor of his bother. This instance further reveal the complex relation s that the two men and their women. The story ends with Chandara being found guilty of an offence not committed but could not defend herself against her husband because of the oppressive powers men had over their women in India. However, the story â€Å"The conscience of the court,† brings out the theme of loyalty and devotion, but at the same time brings out the theme of, human relationship, oppressive human behavior, and desire of men to mistreat women in the society. This is different from ‘punishment’ because the black domestic worker was loyal to her master in contrast to the case whereby the two wives did not show loyalty to their husbands. Lee, the domestic worker stands out of her limit to protect her master’s, Miss Clairborne, property despite having a loan to the white man. â€Å"I am an unlearnt woman and common-clad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hurston 102) indicate that Lee had few opportunities to pay the loan. However, Beasley the owed white man by Lee was determined to oppress Lee further by confiscating her employee property that would have rendered her jobless. Lee makes a sacrifice that no other woman would do to protect the property by confronting the man out of the loyalty she has for her master and she states, â€Å"I love her so hard, and I can’t help myself† â€Å"(Dabritz 112). Setting Both the stories are set on a close human relationship background whereby the story by Hurston involves a domestic worker and her master and that of Tagore entails a family. The story â€Å"punishment† is set in in an Indian village to depict the Indian culture. Indian women have less power in the society whereby men have a history of oppressing them because of their culture. The story is set on family background to put out the theme of women oppression by the culture and the injustices that Indian women face in courts despite being innocent. The context reveals the approaches that the society should take to incorporate western practices and principles without dissolving the Indian cultur

Black Hawk Down: Narrative Theory Analysis

Black Hawk Down: Narrative Theory Analysis In 1993, over one hundred US soldiers were dropped into the urban heart of Mogadishu, Somalia. The purpose was to perform an operation to capture a violent warlord by the name of Mohamed Farrah Aidid and his closest members. The purpose of the operation was to quell the ongoing civil war. The war was taking a devastating toll on the civilian population as supply and food shipments from Red Cross agencies were hoarded. Starvation was the warlords main weapon. It was decided by the US that intervention was the only way to prevent the continuation of the atrocities. Unfortunately, the US soldiers were not prepared to face the tactical nightmare Mogadishu would become when two of their helicopters were shot down during the operation. All the stories of the soldiers involved were later recorded and written in a book by Mark Bowden, entitled Black Hawk Down. It was this book that a screenplay and eventually a feature film would be based on in the 2001 adaptation Black Hawk Down, directed b y Ridley Scott. If anyone had previously seen a Ridley Scott film, they would know that he is meticulous in creating detail and realism. Black Hawk Down does nothing less than emanate this style of directing. He has helped push a new wave in directing style, where realism in situations and characters account for as much of the movie as the plot. These both apply to narrative and genre theories. The new elements that have been inserted into the creation of the war movie genre and narrative have added new depth and meaning to what we see and understand about the people who fight our wars. The image of the US soldier has been elevated to almost mythic proportions, partly due to ad campaigns, but also to the portrayal of war and the realism that moves us closer to the fighting than we can ever imagine. The beauty is that the answers are explained by philosophical geniuses who have all contributed theories to understanding why we think in certain ways and experience certain pleasures. Ev erything we interpret is relative to our own experiences. The purpose of this essay is to analyze Black Hawk Down using the various narrative theories of these intellectuals. Some provide thoughts on the narration of the story such as Propp, Todorov, Barthes and Levi Strauss, while others look at the genres and their various approaches to creation and production; finally, semiotic analysis allows us to know how we interpret the images we see (both syntagmatically and paradigmatically). Narrative theory applies to the structure of the production, whether it is in film, television, literature or radio. Analysts of narrative theory usually grasp the basic structure of the particular genre before viewing the production based on formulaic series of events associated with that genre. These series of events that have an appearance of repetition, according to Valdimir Propp, are called narratemes. According to Propp, depending on the medium/genre, the events can be predetermined by using his 32 narrative functions and 8 spheres of action. The medium does not have to include all 32 of his functions, but the ones they do contain will always happen in a specific order. Another theorist by the name of Todorov came along and simplified what Propp had been writing about. He generalized narratives to follow the path of equilibrium-disequilibrium-equilibrium. This is where Black Hawk Down takes a turn to the unique side. Because of the nature of the conflict, equilibrium never tru ly existed from the beginning. There may have been equilibrium in the US troops position, but the overall conflict presides over any minuscule balance. The movie begins panning over malnourished Somalis affected by the starvation campaign of Farrah Aidid while text scrolls across the screen explaining the situation. The first glimpse of US troops occurs here when the viewer watches them fly overhead in an SH-60 Black Hawk helicopter. The troops begin to watch a Red Cross shipment of food and supplies getting hoarded by the warlord Aidids men. The disequilibrium we had set in the beginning of the movie gets thrown to another level when civilians are shot attempting to take some food. This is where the movie continues to present its uniqueness. As the movie progresses, nothing goes as planned during the operation to capture the warlord. In the process of putting troops on the ground, two helicopters are shot out of the sky by Somali guerillas, further pushing the stability of the movi e. This is why Todorov generalized about the narrative theory: not everything follows a standard, and the ones that dont stand out, good or bad. In this case, the movie created a cinematic experience like most great war movies: immersive, intense and filled with feminine and masculine narratives (discussed later on). The movie eventually reached as much equilibrium as allotted due to the situation. In the end, 17 soldiers had been killed for an operation that was meant to be more than a grab-and-go. But one key aspect to Todorovs theory is that the ending is ideologically significant. How it achieves this closure reveals how narratives function to maintain/challenge established power relations in society. Quite close to how the movie began, it ended, but this time with closure and equilibrium. The music and setting were serene with a feeling of despair, fitting the mood of both dying and/or dead civilians/soldiers because of the conflict in Mogadishu. To the soldiers at the end of t he movie, it no longer became a fight for their own lives, but that for their fellow soldiers. A bond throughout the movie was created between them, and although some were lost to the fighting, the bond never disappeared. This is visible at the end of the movie when Josh Harnetts character Eversmann spoke to a fallen soldier about returning home and talking to his parents about who he was, what he did, and why they should be proud of him. It was an underhanded way of making us look at relationships the soldiers built instead of letting us take a step back and ask why they were there in the first place. What makes this so ideologically significant? It is in the beginning of the movie when disequilibrium was first established: there were soldiers that were aware of this situation and asked what the purpose of the occupation was. This is why the ending of the movie is ideologically significant to established power relations, those between soldiers and their commanders, and how it came to a sincere closure to make everything seem justified. The idea that there are characters within a scripted movie that are given these lines reflects the observational talent the screenplay writers and directors have. It makes a bold statement to society that we are aware. Along with Propp and Todorov, another man by the name of Roland Barthes came and attempted, successfully, to answer the question of the narrative theory. In Roland Barthes theory, he used five codes in order to form a network of meaning. This network, in turn, provides a framework for analyzing texts or in our case, a war movie. The codes are as following: action, enigma, semic, symbolic and cultural. Lets begin with the idea of a cultural code. The cultural code is constituted by the points at which the text refers to common bodies of knowledge through a social construct. This makes the viewer have to have prior knowledge in order to understand the reference. These references are easily-identified traditions that could be scholarly, historical, mythological or stereotypical. In this case, the reference, and respectively the entire movie, was based on a time period in 1993 when the US attempted to quell a civil war. So between the traditions of history, scholar, myth, and stereotyping, history plays a large role. Black Hawk Down was created almost 10 years after the event. This gave the public enough time to move past the events, but also after only 10 years, it could still be on the minds of people who were old enough to comprehend and understand the conflict. To continue with Barthes codes, symbolic would be the next easiest to interpret. It exists to explicate the complexities of an element in the text. One of the most important entrance points into the symbolic is the antithetical because concepts suggest their opposites, which is argued by Levi-Strauss in the binary opposites theory. But the symbolic code does not merely break the code into binaries; instead it eradicates the boundary between opposites creating a disturbance in classification. (Coward) There are many elements to this movie that can be seen as symbolic. As stated earlier, the image of a US soldier means so much more that what can be seen on the surface. This movie attempts, and in reality, accomplishes, the symbolic image of a soldier. The image gets elevated to another level, the level of being mythic. To quote Eric Bana who plays Hoot, Whe n I get home peoplell ask me, Hey Hoot, why do ya do it man? Why? Just some war junkie? Ya know what Ill say? I wont say a goddamn word. Why? They wont understand. They wont understand why we do it. They wont understand that its about the men next to you, and thats it. This is what embodies the American soldier today. It is about defending the country, yes, but more so about keeping the man next to you alive so he can go back home someday. Another symbolic image, which is the basis for the movie, is the downing of not one, but two of our helicopters. We have two massive machines facilitating the most advanced technology available that get shot down by a bunch of ill-trained guerillas from a country torn by war. More so than just that, after the second helicopter was overrun by guerillas and civilians, the military machine became nothing more than a toy with young kids jumping on the rotors. The image of this alone creates more than a feeling of defeat because it was scaled down from being a symbol of Americas productive might to nothing. Two more codes written by Barthes include the semic and action (also known as proairetic). These codes are easily interlaced with other theories. Semic is closely related to semiotic analysis which focuses upon pieces of data in order to suggest abstract concepts. Semiotic analysis is on the conscious of the person viewing the object or product. We see or hear something and chose to recognize it as we have been taught. If we do not recognize it, we try to group it into a category in which we do understand. Semiotics will always be an interesting concept to study because of its conscious and subconscious nature. We recognize that the movie is based on real events, with that being the sign, but the individual stories paint the signified. On the other end, to look at syntagmatic codes, all you have to do is look at the narrative because it refers to how the product uses/used a series of images to create meaning in the viewers mind. The proairetic code is closely related to the texts nar rative structure. The basis of the proairetic is the dependency of syntagmatic codes along with the narrative theory (already discussed) as to understand the meaning of the images. The final code in Barthes theory is enigma, or hermeneutic. Elements of the text that contribute to these codes are the devices used to define and then reveal or solve a mystery. What keeps us intrigued is the process in which they solve the mystery presented in the beginning of the episode, hence the hermeneutic code. Ricoeur distinguishes between two forms of hermeneutics: a hermeneutics of faith which aims to restore meaning to a text and a hermeneutics of suspicion which attempts to decode meanings that are disguised. (Josselson) Finally, another contributor to the criticism and theory of the narration in stories was Levi-Strauss. He believed in the theory of binary oppositions, underscoring the concept of differences. From birth, we learn differences rather than relations. Males distinguish themselves by images and understanding that they are not like their mothers, rather than the fact they are like their fathers. Barthes has a sound theory in the case of narratives, but it can also be tied into Todorovs. Although through Barthes we look at the minuscule vs. the big picture, little equilibriums can be found through binary oppositions. The idea is that binary opposition is an inherent, structurally based concept on the Western tendency to group into hierarchy. This is a conception derived from Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist whose ideas laid the foundation for many of the significant developments in linguistics in the 20th century. His work in structuralism is a tangible point of departure that moves us into the post-structural criticism that is deconstruction. Throughout the movie there are little battles between these binary oppositions that create balance to the characters and plot, and therefore, the narrative. It is in this way that characters create conflict and story. Because of the nature of military action, you will always have a mix of young and old, those who are eager to get into a fight and those wish to make it back. There is a sense of wisdom in the older characters where little things make a difference. One great example would be after the convoy, coming back from Mogadishu, refuels and rearms to get back to the fight. The leader Struecker says very little to a young man who has lost the will to continue because he has seen death around him. Its what you do now that makes a difference. That is the kind of wisdom expected from leaders. They push a person to think hard about how they want to be remembered. In this case, the young man Thomas, heroically grabs his g ear and jumps into one of the last Humvees to return to the fight. It is here where the little battles are won. Another great example of the binary opposite would be the difference between America and Somalia. In the movie, you have a highly trained force of soldiers who become quickly outnumbered by ill-trained guerillas. Looking beyond that, the conflict can be portrayed as a Third World country versus an international superpower. Along with the theories, there is 1 more key point that needs to be made on narrative theories. Narrative structures are experienced differently from person to person, but there are two groups where the content allows us to make generalizations (while there still may be some anomalies): male and female genders. Producers of the content that is viewed, read, or listened to by these two distinct audiences must appreciate the differences between the genders. The feminine narrative appeals to women because it involves relationships and complex issues with characters while masculine narratives appeal to men based on action and multiple climax points. Black Hawk Down cannot be labeled as a chick flick, but it is feminine narrative. This can be determined by the relationships and complex emotions displayed between the soldiers to each other. The movie has many climactic moments, but it also reaches out to the audience to be understanding of the position the men have been put in to. It is ho w they interact that will determine their fate giving an aura of brotherhood. But, in recent years complications have arisen as how to define shows or movies. Movies can no longer be just feminine or masculine or else the audience will not be pulled in. This can be attributed to the change in social behavior and norms. We are becoming progressively equal in the male/female world. Falling back to the 1950s at the height of streamlined sexism, creating a movie appealing to one sex or the other would have been appropriate. But today as audiences tend to be more socially adept, directors and writers must look to create not just a movie, but a complex experience. This is why narratives are beginning to have very complex, multi-episodic stories that are not only using both gender narratives, but also the blending of genres. Black Hawk Down was a blending of fact and fiction into an action/war drama. The US/UN mission in Somalia had originally been to assist in the distribution of food and supplies to thousands of starving Somalis. Farrah Aidid was the warlord who used this aid to consolidate his power base. It was this reason that led the US to create the operation. But instead of a one-hour operation, the US soldiers walked into the middle of a Somali civil war. This movie had not only the cooperation of the US military, but also the use of weapon systems and soldiers, some of whom were involved in Somalia. The movie is unique, and historical. It demonstrates the heroism that continues to this day, of those Americans who volunteer to serve their country, and to be willing to sacrifice their lives for people in countries not their ownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The movie highlights the officers and NCOs who fought their way out of hell, some who returned a second time to ensure that no one was left behind. This cost them dearly. Their families and brothers in arms today keep their memories alive by honoring them with decorations ranging from the Medal of Honor to the Purple Heart. I was privileged to know and serve beside some of them. While this movie was being filmed, cast members and crew were asked to do their best in portraying the real heroes, keeping cliches at a minimum, and honor the memory of those lost. While there are composites of participants, there are also real people who carry on the traditions of the services today, from Col. McKnight to W/O Durant and others. Though a Blackhawk went down, the Rangers today still Lead The Way. -Jim Banzai McClain. If it were not for philosophers who have contributed theories to understanding why we think in certain ways and experience certain pleasures, nothing could be logically explained. Everything we interpret is relative to our own experiences. Propp, Todorov, Barthes and Levi Strauss, all made narrative theory the driving factor in crit ical analysis of modern media. Bruner, Jerome. Acts of meaning; 1990, Cambridge, Massachussets : Harvard University Press. Freeman, M. Why narrative? Hermeneutics, historical understanding, and the significance of stories; Journal of Narrative and Life History; 1997 Vol. 7, p169-176, 8p. Grà ¼nbaum, Thor. Action between Plot and Discourse. Semiotica 165.1-4 (2007): 295-314. Hà ¤nninen, Vilma. A Model of Narrative Circulation. Narrative Inquiry 14.1 (2004): 69-85. Human Communication as Narration: Toward a Philosophy of Reason, Value, and Action; Fisher, Walter R.; 1987, Columbia : U of South Carolina. Josselson, Ruthellen. The Hermeneutics of Faith and the Hermeneutics of Suspicion. Narrative Inquiry 14.1 (2004): 1-28. Redick, Kip, and Lori Underwood. Rationality and Narrative: A Relationship of Priority. Philosophy Rhetoric 40.4 (2007): 394-405. S/Z By: Coward, Rosalind; pp. 176-81 IN: Newton, K. M. (ed.); Twentieth-Century Literary Theory: A Reader. New York, NY: St. Martins; 1997. xix, 306 pp. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Minds Hidden Complexities; Fauconnier, Gilles; Turner, Mark; 2002, New York. Wyatt, Neal. Exploring Nonfiction. Library Journal 132.3 (2007): 32.